Stuff co.nz 27 July 2016 The laws covering murder and manslaughter in New Zealand need reform, writes Massey University law professor Chris Gallavin for the Faces of Innocents series.
Reform is required to ensure fairness to defendants, to avail the Crown of more options when charging (and plea bargaining), and to support judges when sentencing.
Murder is broadly defined under New Zealand law. It is not limited to intentional killing. It also covers reckless killing when inflicting injury or committing an offence and includes death as a result of inflicting grievous bodily harm, stupefying or wilfully stopping the breath of a person all when related to particular crimes.
Manslaughter covers all other culpable killings save for infanticide. Add to this the related offence of aiding and abetting suicide and we can see the complexity building.
Still, holes exist. First, we need a mature discussion about euthanasia.
Second, we have no corporate manslaughter provision. Health and safety prosecutions, when they happen, are insufficient. There should be serious criminal sanction for work-related and public death at the hands of corporations.
Third, there are insufficient defences. In 2009 the partial defence of provocation was abolished in the aftermath of the conviction of Clayton Weatherston for the murder of Sophie Elliott (note, he failed to establish the defence).
The defence was replaced by a sentencing discretion that places pressure on judges to soften convictions of murder when they believe life imprisonment is not in the interests of justice, that is, when they recognise that not all murders are murders.
There is no diminished responsibility in New Zealand for those situations where, for example, intruders may be killed by a homeowner who suffers from paranoia.
We have no partial defence to murder in the case of excessive self-defence where some force is reasonable but too much is used; see many intruder cases, shopkeeper defence cases, or defence of theft of property on remote farms cases.
Further, our ability to deal with victims of domestic violence who kill is woeful both in terms of charging and the defences available, with suggested reform representing an ad hoc patch on an already bloody quilt.
Finally, so antiquated are our laws that we still retain the ridiculous requirement that victims die within one year and one day of the infliction of their injuries. If they do not there is no homicide.
And now the case of young Moko. It is important to note that with our broad definition of murder a conviction was more easy to secure here than in most other countries. However, in light of the fact plea bargaining is now part of our prosecution system, the Crown was ill served by the law as it stands.
Manslaughter is our only alternative to murder. This despite its availability to a jury in lieu of murder.
New York Times 25 July 2016 Family First Comment: Shocking! “A study published on Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics says that in Colorado the rates of marijuana exposure in young children, many of them toddlers, have increased 150 percent since 2014, when recreational marijuana products, like sweets, went on the market legally…. During that period, marijuana-related child poison control cases in Colorado rose 34 percent each year, compared with a 19 percent annual increase in other states.”
To a child on the prowl for sweets, that brownie, cookie or bear-shaped candy left on the kitchen counter is just asking to be gobbled up. But in states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use, notably Colorado, that child may end up with more than a sugar high.
A study published on Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics says that in Colorado the rates of marijuana exposure in young children, many of them toddlers, have increased 150 percent since 2014, when recreational marijuana products, like sweets, went on the market legally.
When children get their hands on the goodies they can become lethargic or agitated, vomit and lose balance, triggering a hospital visit or a frightened call to a poison center. A handful of patients were admitted to intensive care units and intubated.
Rates had started climbing in 2009, when the federal government said it would not prosecute users and suppliers who conformed to Colorado’s medical marijuana laws. Those patients often ingested their prescription marijuana through baked goods.
When voters decided in 2012 to legalize marijuana for recreational use, researchers anticipated that rates of accidental exposure in children would rise.
“But we were not prepared for the dramatic increase,” said the senior author of the study, Dr. Genie E. Roosevelt, an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Denver Health Medical Center.
The number of cases in the study, drawn from Colorado’s poison control data and from one children’s hospital, is modest. Between 2009 and 2015, there were 163 cases documented by the poison control center and 81 patients evaluated at one hospital for pediatric marijuana exposure.
Even so, Dr. Roosevelt said, “While these ingestions are not common, the effects are significant and preventable.” Some cases, she said, could result from secondhand smoke inhalation. The documentation of cause is still evolving.
