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2017
Market Based Programming in Humanitarian WASH
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The WASH ePaper is an online magazine published at regular intervals in several languages. Each issue takes a closer look at a current key issue in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector and related areas. It also provides updates on forthcoming national and international events, news, current publications and projects from the sector. The WASH ePaper is published by the German Toilet Organization (GTO) in close cooperation with the German WASH Network (GWN) and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Issue No #7 in particular is a result of a thematic cooperation with the Oxfam Global Humanitarian Team and the Technical Working Group 'Markets' of the Global WASH Cluster (GWC). Previous issues of the WASH ePaper can be found here.
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Issue #7
Humanitarians increasingly view market-based programming (MBP) and cash-transfer programming (CTP) as an effective response to address humanitarian needs of affected people. This is particularly reflected in the cash commitments made under the Grand Bargain of the World Humanitarian Summit. The humanitarian WASH sector is still in its early stages of integrating MBP/CTP as a standard practice. In 2015 the GWC identified the need to facilitate a sector-wide dialogue aiming to strengthen the institutional understanding of ‘markets & cash’ and to identify opportunities and the challenges of the new modalities. For this purpose the GWC has set up a Technical Working Group "Markets" (TWiG Markets) and the GWN convened an event to discuss the issue with key sector partners at the World Water Week 2016.
The WASH ePaper Issue #7 presents important outcomes and follow-ups of these processes, brandnew case studies, a number of videos and webinars, and the most relevant publications on the topic. Readers who are unfamiliar with the topic will find a glossary at the end of the issue.
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01
Nothing new under the sun? Or our new silver bullet?
by Kit Dyer (Norwegian Church Aid | TWiG Markets)
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In the WASH sector, we recognise that the people we work for, those affected by crisis, are 21 st century citizens – they’re largely technology savvy in the way they deal with markets, and many are from middle-income and urban backgrounds with modern market expectations. And as a sector, although we’re not completely without MBP experience, we’ve had to change the way we view and work with markets to keep pace with those expectations as well as the way we affect markets in the short and long term. We know we have to have a better, more robust understanding of local, regional and global markets to meet people’s needs. And we know we have to work better with other sectors to more efficiently and effectively meet those needs – nobody affected by crisis thinks or acts in sector silos. |
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In late 2015, the Global WASH Cluster (the global platform for humanitarian WASH sector coordination) agreed that we needed a better understanding of the market world and better tools to ensure the WASH outcomes needed. We agreed to establish a technical working group to strengthen our understanding of and engagement with market-based approaches, as well as to explore and build evidence on markets-based approaches in WASH. In December 2016, we published a position paper to use with agencies, donors and other stakeholders to take us forward.
By mid-2017, we’ve developed a number of tools to ensure we can better assess market conditions and better meet WASH needs from existing markets. We understand that a single modality, such as CTP, cannot meet all needs all the time, and that we need to bring the whole toolbox – CTP, technical assistance, systems strengthening – with us. We also know that many of the people affected by crisis whom we work for prefer cash or other market-based assistance, and we have and will continue to both develop our own capacities and scale up our programs to meet this preference. |
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Global Markets & Cash Commitments
The World Humanitarian Summit - Grand Bargain
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The WHS Grand-Bargain sets powerful commitments for the up-scaling of the use of CTP in humanitarian response. Donors and aid organisations should routinely consider cash when evaluating response options. It states that CTP can deliver greater choice and empowerment to affected people and strengthens local markets, while it cannot meet all needs: including WASH objectives like safe living environments and public health outcomes. The assumption is made that Cash can have the greatest impact when delivered as a single multi-sector transfer, rather than broken into components or goods and may be complemented by in-kind assistance, specialised interventions, technical support and vouchers. New coordinated partnerships and common mechanisms for delivery are needed and preparedness, planning and mapping measures are essential to ensuring that CTP can be used to best effect.
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Increase the routine use of cash alongside other tools, incl. in-kind assistance, service delivery (such as health and nutrition) and vouchers. Employ markers to measure increase and outcomes.
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Invest in new delivery models which can be increased in scale while identifying best practice and mitigating risks in each context. Employ markers to track their evolution.
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Build an evidence base to assess the costs, benefits, impacts, and risks of cash (incl. on protection) relative to in-kind assistance, service delivery interventions, vouchers and combinations thereof.
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Collaborate, share information and develop standards and guidelines for cash programming in order to better understand its risks and benefits.
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Ensure that coordination, delivery, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are put in place for cash transfers.
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Aim to increase use of cash programming where appropriate. Some organisations and donors may wish to set targets.
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Together with several other commitments, including ECHO’s 10 Principles, the High Level Panel report, the Strategic Note on Cash Transfers and the Agenda for Cash, the Grand Bargain builds a global framework for action. The Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) has developed a consolidated summary of the above mentioned major commitments and recommendation. It can be accessed via the link below.
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03
World Water Week Event: Opportunities of Market-Based Programming to Address Humanitarian WASH Needs
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To facilitate a sector-wide dialogue aiming to discuss the new modalities with key sector partners, the UN and several donors the German WASH Network provided a dialogue platform at the World Water Week 2016 in Stockholm. The event was conducted in close cooperation with the German Federal Foreign Office, the Global WASH Cluster, DG ECHO, SDC, GIZ, Oxfam and CRS. Nearly 100 participants discussed the opportunities and risks of new market-oriented modalities and prepared recommendations that were incorporated into the position paper of the Global WASH Cluster. The current status of empirical evidence and ‘good practice’ examples, which are needed to illustrate that market-based programming allows people to adequately cover their WASH needs, were presented.
The event summary and a podcast produced by Katie Whitehouse (Oxfam) on "how can market based responses help NGOs work in emergencies?" can be accessed via the links below. |
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New Standards for Market-based Programming
The Minimum Recovery Standards
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During and after emergencies, both in acute and protracted or reoccurring crises, there is a strong argument for helping affected communities by working with existing market supply chains to provide essential goods and services. Working through local markets supported by cash transfer programmes can provide livelihood opportunities and contribute towards economic rehabilitation as well as meeting basic humanitarian needs. However, as with any emergency response, the best theoretical approaches can be compromised by poor programming. Poor implementation may undermine outcomes and lead to questions about the suitability of cash transfer and market based programming as a means to effectively and efficiently meet people’s needs during emergencies.
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Having internationally agreed standards plays an important role in bringing about good programming. To complement the Sphere humanitarian standards, the Minimum Economic Recovery Standards (MERS) have been produced by the Global Humanitarian Standards Partnership to support the Sphere standards and other existing standards such as the Minimum Standards for Market Analysis and the Minimum Requirements for Market Analysis for Emergencies, both produced by the Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP). The new Minimum Economic Recovery Standards aims to support quality market-based programming, and effective working between humanitarian and development practitioners.
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05
Rethinking emergency water provision: can we stop direct water trucking in the same places every year?
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Photo credit: ILRI/Riccardo Gangale
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Although direct water trucking is a common emergency intervention in times of drought and water scarcity, it is also expensive, unsustainable and difficult to manage, implement and monitor. As water is typically delivered to communities at a central distribution point, it is frequently distributed on a ‘first come, first served’ basis, with people living closer to the distribution point receiving more water than those who live further away. There is great uncertainty over the quantity of water actually delivered by trucks to these distribution points, as well as over the quantity accessed per target household. By contracting external trucks and establishing competitive conditions NGO water trucking sufficient quantities in nearby areas increases truck hire costs, and NGOs also tend to pay a higher price for water at the water points. In the process, Oxfam becomes a primary actor in the market for supply chain with responsibility for truck rental, purchase of water at sources, fuel for the trucks, as well as covering the costs of delays and vehicle breakdowns, and bearing the risks of the operation, which may be significant especially in a conflict situation. A market analysis carried out by Oxfam pointed to a range of response options, including a voucher system to improve beneficiary targeting and monitoring of water deliveries, limit market disruption through the creation of a parallel branch in the supply chain and reduce the logistical burden on Oxfam. The analysis highlighted the need to increase the capacity of local market actors to undertake water transportation and delivery as a business, reinforcing the link between market actors and customers; and cash transfers to enable beneficiaries to purchase water of adequate quality from the local supply chain.
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06
Bringing a behavioural, market-based approach to humanitarian response design and resilience thinking
Briefing Paper
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In a briefing paper published by BEAM Exchange, Katie Whitehouse from Oxfam and researchers from University of Sussex, Tufts University and with additional input from PSI focus on the key question; could humanitarian programming be unwittingly weakening local markets and resilience to crisis?
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As markets thinking becomes more incorporated into humanitarian programme design, the opportunity to drive forward the agenda of bridging the humanitarian-development divide becomes more prominent. The premise for this paper came about from a Pre-Crisis Market Analysis in Harare in 2016 (available from the EMMA toolkit website) that investigated how local market systems could be incorporated into humanitarian programming; addressing and responding to recurrent waterborne disease outbreaks. It became apparent during the analysis that humanitarian programming in the area could be influencing perceptions of the risk of disease outbreaks and, changing local behaviours which were having knock on effects on the local market in terms of its ability to adapt to the challenges of disease outbreaks. |
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Oxfam partnered with the BEAM Exchange to support a forum in which this topic could be discussed further, bringing economic theory to practical field experiences in order to explore how response programming may affect uptake of household water treatment products and long-term resilience to waterborne diseases. The paper suggests that the current practice of temporary distributions of household water treatment during an emergency does little to stimulate habit formation and is unlikely to contribute towards sustained use of household water treatment regardless of whether water quality remains poor outside of the crisis event.
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07
Pintakasi: A Review of Post Disaster Shelter/WASH Market Based Programs
A comparative study by CRS Philippines post Typhoon Haiyan
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The Catholic Relief Service (CRS) Typhoon Haiyan Shelter/WASH Recovery Program response targeted over 20,000 families for household shelter and sanitation reconstruction or repair. CRS supported market‑based solutions in shelter and sanitation by providing conditional cash transfers to those families able to rebuild on their own as well as provided the option for direct build by CRS engineers/foremen. The Pintakasi study compares the two approaches - conditional cash transfers to direct build - assessing the efficiency, effectiveness and appropriateness of each modality for delivering post-disaster shelter/WASH assistance. The study includes a decision-making tool and risk mitigation strategies for practitioners.
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08
Using Pre-crisis Assessments to Strengthen WASH Markets in Indonesia, Bangladesh and Zimbabwe
PCMA Reports from Oxfam, 2016
Please click the cover to download
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PCMA of Domestic Water and Latrine Market Systems in the Context of Flooding in Jakarta - Penjaringan and Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta Province, Indonesia
Jakarta is highly flood prone and experiences both moderate and severe floods on a regular basis. This pre-crisis market analysis was carried out to identify market response activities to help complement existing flood contingency plans. It focused on two intrinsically connected market systems, those for water supply and latrines. The report makes a number of recommendations for immediate risk mitigation, emergency preparedness and response and resilience building.
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PCMA of the Wash NFI and sanitation hardware market systems - Informing emergency response and preparedness to extreme flood events
In May 2016, Oxfam facilitated a Pre-Crisis Market Analysis in Gaibandha district that aimed to identify if alternatives to in-kind distributions were possible or appropriate, to build recommendations into contingency planning to improve preparedness and to mitigate the impact of regular crises. Two crisis scenarios were selected: annual flooding and an extreme flooding event. The PCMA focused on critical market systems for WASH NFIs, including soap, oral rehydration solution, menstrual hygiene management (MHM) materials and water containers.
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PCMA Report - Domestic water supply, sanitation and hygiene products in Harare, Zimbabwe
This report presents the summary findings of a Pre-Crisis Market Analysis (PCMA) carried out from June to September 2016 in Harare as part of a global programme funded by OFDA/USAID to understand how PCMA can be used to inform improved WASH emergency preparedness, response and resilience programming in complex urban environments. The summary seeks to pull together a city-level view of the WASH system based on the assessment, drawing out key commonalities and differences in the localities and presenting recommendations for emergency preparedness, response and resilience programming.
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09
Using Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (VRA) to support Pre-crisis Market Assessments
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Providing goods and services through market actors requires an understanding of the needs of marginalised and vulnerable populations. Using Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (VRA) to complement pre-crisis market assessment activities enables us to test assumptions of humanitarian programme staff and provide a richer, more detailed analysis of the local context. The combination of PCMA with VRA can subsequently be used to facilitate better contingency planning to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses. The VRA approach was used by Oxfam in conjunction with PCMA in Tala, where many rural communities are vulnerable to environmental hazards including water logging, arsenic contamination, salinity and cyclones. Basing the VRA analysis around WASH hazards added depth to the context and needs analysis required as part of the PCMA process and fed directly into the choice of critical WASH markets for analysis.
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For more information about Oxfam’s VRA approach to understanding vulnerability, wherein key actors collaboratively design and implement programmes and resilience building initiatives, click here and download the methodology for The Vulnerability and Risk Assessment methodology here. |
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Relevant Dates in 2017 / 2018
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WASH in Emergencies Training (Bioforce, UNICEF, GWC)
Dakar, Senegal
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11
Key Publications
Please click the cover to download
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Cash Based Interventions for WASH Programmes in Refugee Settings
Editors: Gabriel Smith
Publisher: UNHCR
Year / Location: 2016 / Geneva
This report is based on a desk-based review of secondary data, comprising published material as well as grey literature, supplemented with key informant interviews for programmes that lacked documentation. Section One summarises the current use of CBI in WASH programming. Section Two summarises the best practices and lessons learned including challenges faced, drawing on evidence from the project examples found. Section Three provides recommendations and best practice guidance for use of CBI in refugee settings. Section Four details existing tools and guidance.
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Evidence Series: Market-based Approaches to Sanitation
Authors:Sievers, D. and G. Kell
Publisher: PSI
Year / Location: 2016 / Washington
2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to improved sanitation, most of whom live in Southern Asia, Eastern Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, market-based solutions have been recognized as an effective means of addressing this gap because they aim to grow demand for improved sanitation, while ensuring that a sustainable supply of affordable and appropriately-designed products and services are available to match the demand. This review, featuring a case study on PSI’s 3SI program in Bihar, India, illustrates the components of market-based approaches to improved sanitation and how they can be used to achieve sustainability and scale.
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Multi-sector Market Assessment: Companion Guide and Toolkit
Author: UNHCR
Publisher: UNHCR
Year / Location: 2017 / Geneva
To be used in conjunction with UNHCR’s Operational Guidelines for Cash-Based-Interventions in Displacement Settings, which highlights the importance of undertaking market assessments as a vital precondition for implementing cash-based interventions. The Companion Guide and Toolkit provides step-by-step guidance and ready-to-use tools to enable non-specialist staff to conduct market assessments and undertake market monitoring
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Pre-crisis Market Analysis
Author: Helene Juillard
Publisher: The International Rescue Committee, Inc. (IRC)
Year / Location: 2016
The PCMA Guidance is a practical, step-by-step resource to guide market analysis practitioners and team leaders to conduct market assessments before emergencies happen in contexts that are prone to recurring crises, whether natural or man-made, or where a shock is anticipated. This early analysis helps practitioners and decision makers to anticipate how certain selected ‘critical’ markets will behave if and when a shock occurs. PCMA is not a market analysis tool in itself but helps practitioners to use existing market assessment and analysis tools presented in other tool kits.
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Scoping Study: Emergency Cash Transfer Programming in the WaSH and Shelter Sectors
Authors: Hélène Juillard and Mainul Islam Opu
Publisher: Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP)
Year / Location: 2015 / UK
The objective of this study is to take stock of the recent advancements in the use of cash transfer programming in the shelter and WaSH sectors to respond to emergencies and provide recommendations to encourage quality cash transfer programming at scale in those sectors. This study aims to identify themes for future research, advocacy, case studies, capacity building initiatives, and debates or other recommended activities related to cash transfer programming in shelter and settlements and WaSH programming.
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Working with Markets and Cash - Standard operating procedures and guidance notes
Author: Helene Juillard, Nupur Kukrety, Rebecca Vince and Emily Henderson.
Publisher: Oxfam GB
Year / Location: 2013 / UK
The purpose of these standard operating procedures (SOPs) is to provide humanitarian teams a structured overview of how CTPs can be designed and implemented within Oxfam’s humanitarian programmes. It is meant to improve the working of a team by giving direction on key roles, responsibilities and steps to be undertaken to ensure a timely and quality CTP through the project cycle. It is also meant to give a common understanding on what is the “good enough” process to follow during an emergency response. By doing so, they are intended to give greater clarity and confidence to humanitarian teams to implement CTPs.
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Minimum requirements for market analysis in emergencies
Author: Lois Austin et al.
Publisher: Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP)
Year / Location: 2013 / UK
The study provides an overview of current market tools and the key elements of market analysis, and goes into more depth around key concepts, such as the labour market, debt constraints and credit markets, political economy analysis, market integration, supply / demand elasticity and the multiplier effect. The study then provides an overview of how market analysis can inform the project cycle, looking at the main phases of preparedness, response, monitoring and early recovery. Finally, the research makes recommendations for future areas of investment by the humanitarian community.
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Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Emergencies – A Toolkit for Practitioners
Author: Tiare Cross and Andrew Johnston
Publisher: Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP)
Year / Location: 2012 / UK
The toolkit brings together the collective knowledge of best practices, key issues in programming, and adaptations of cash transfer programme methodologies for urban settings. It is also the aim of this toolkit to promote a variety of options for implementation that reflect the multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary nature of cash transfer programmes. All tools described in this toolkit are adapted from real urban projects, from a variety of organisations and contexts.
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Market analysis in emergencies
Author: Suba Sivakumaran
Publisher: Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP)
Year / Location: February 2011 / UK
Despite the number of tools available and the amount of innovations in programme design, the humanitarian community faces a number of challenges when conducting market analysis to inform broader programme planning in crises. The study provides an overview of current market tools and the key elements of market analysis, and goes into more depth around key concepts, such as the labour market, debt constraints and credit markets, political economy analysis, market integration, supply / demand elasticity and the multiplier effect. The study then provides an overview of how market analysis can inform the project cycle, looking at the main phases of preparedness, response, monitoring and early recovery.
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Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis Toolkit
Author: Mike Albu
Publisher: Practical Action
Year / Location: 2010 / UK
The Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis Toolkit (EMMA) is a guidance manual to assist front-line staff to make rapid assessments of market systems in the first few weeks of a crisis. Its purpose is to improve early response planning so that resources are used effectively, and so that opportunities are not missed to bolster future recovery in the local economy.
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E-Learning Resources
Please click the preview image to access
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Video: Cash Transfer Programming
Produced by: IFRC, CaLP
ECHO has been supporting a partnership between IFRC, CaLP and British Red Cross, which seeks to use cash where it's appropriate and that the humanitarian community has the skills and knowledge needed for effective CTP. This video, developed from this partnership, provides a quick introduction to CTP, why we do it, its potential and ways forward.
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Webinar: WASH markets for humanitarian programming
Produced by: Oxfam GB
This webinar aims to provide an introduction to WASH and markets and will enable participants to consider how disaster resilience and the effectiveness of WASH related emergency responses may be increased through a market-based programme.
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Video: Strengthening Markets in Crisis
Produced by: Logistics Cluster
All people depend on markets for their lives and livelihoods. But what happens to these markets when an emergency occurs? This video explains the concept behind cash, voucher and market assistance, which is rapidly becoming a modality of choice for humanitarian programmes engaged in market strengthening activities to aid recovery, and stimulate trade to support affected populations.
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Video: Multiplier Effects
Produced by: Logistics Cluster
Cash, voucher and market-based humanitarian assistance stimulates local economies affected by an emergency. This video explains how, when emergency cash transfers are injected into markets, multiplier effects can yield long-term development and enable crisis-affected communities to rebuild their livelihoods.
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Video: The Supply Chain in Cash & Voucher Programmes
Produced by: Logistics Cluster
Discover the supply chain behind cash and vouchers! This video explains how supply chains play a critical role in cash and markets based humanitarian programmes. Everything we do in a crisis has an impact on local markets; cash and voucher based assistance only works when we monitor markets and maintain our own supply chain for when it’s needed.
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Video: Multipurpose Cash Grants
Produced by: Oxfam GB, UNHCR, DRC
This short animation video serves as an introduction to Multipurpose Cash Grants and provides an overview of their use, advantages and implications for the different actors of the humanitarian system.
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Webinar: CaLP Markets Webinar Series
Produced by: CaLP
On 14th March 2017 CaLP and its Markets Working Group held a webinar to present some of the main technical developments in Market-Based Programming (MBP) over the last year.
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Video: Oxfam's Market Based Approaches for Water & Sanitation
Produced by: Oxfam GB
An outline to show the complexities involved with setting up affordable solutions and pro-poor approaches for sustainability.
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Key Actors & Networks
Please click the logo to get to the website
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The Cash Learning Patnership (CaLP)
Since 2010, the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department has been supporting a partnership between IFRC, CaLP and British Red Cross. The partnership seeks to use cash where it's appropriate and to help ensure that the humanitarian community has the skills and knowledge needed for effective programming to deliver aid quickly and at-scale to those who need it the most.
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Global WASH Cluster
The GWC is a partnership of the key actors engaged in humanitarian WASH aiming at improving the coordination and the humanitarian response in the WASH Sector. Its role and responsibilities are designated by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).
To strengthen the WASH cluster partners understanding of and engagement with market-based approaches, as well as to explore and build evidence on markets-based approaches in WASH the GWC has set up a Technical Working Group on “Markets”. The GWC has taken on a leadership role in order to actively influence the global "Cash & Markets Agenda" and to ensure the representation of the WASH sector in cash working groups and other relevant fora.
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Humanitarian Response
HumanitarianResponse.info is a central web-platform provided by UN OCHA to support humanitarian operations globally. Related platforms are ReliefWeb, the financial tracking service FTS, humanitarian data exchange and humanitarian ID, which connects humanitarian professionals worldwide.
The website includes a section on CTP, which links to many cash working groups (incl. meeting dates) and provides links to key resources and e-learning. |
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Building Effective and Accessible Markets (BEAM Exchange)
The BEAM Exchange is a specialist platform for information exchange and learning about market systems approaches to reduce poverty. The network exists to promote, support and encourage good practice in this emerging field and supports initiatives that create widespread and helps by providing practical support for the growth of a strong, reflective and engaged ‘community of practice’ in market systems development and a gateway to know-how (and know-who) for policy advisors, team leaders, practitioners, researchers and consultants.
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Markets in Crises
The objective of the Market in Crisis DGroup is to provide space for a broad audience of NGO personnel, donors, consultants, students, researchers. The online community consists of over 1550 humanitarian practitioners with a diverse range of skills and experiences in market-based approaches to crises around the world. The Markets in Crises discussion forum promotes open sharing, learning, and experiences and does not promote one tool or approach over another.
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Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
SuSanA is an open international alliance with over 200 members who are dedicated to understanding viable and sustainable sanitation solutions. It links on the ground experiences with an engaged community made up of practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and academics from different levels with the aim of promoting innovation and best practices in policy, programming and implementation. The SuSanA has an open source library, supports dialogue through the open online discussion forum as well as face-to-face at different occasions. SuSanA hosts 12 different working groups. The working group on ‘Emergency and reconstruction’ combines the knowledge from experts in the fields of sanitation with the knowledge from experts in the field of emergency response and reconstruction.
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SEEP Network
SEEP’s vision is that Markets that provide opportunities for all to engage and prosper. SEEP members believe that promoting improved understanding the role of vulnerable groups in markets, and the constraints to realizing more beneficial terms to their participation, is critical to designing effective strategies that create new and better opportunities for vulnerable populations to participate in markets and improve their quality of life.
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German WASH Network (GWN)
The German WASH Network unites 20 German not-for-profit NGOs, working in the field of water, sanitation and hygiene worldwide. The network aims to strengthen the WASH sector through advocacy work, knowledge sharing and specific project collaborations. Its members also work for a better integration of emergency, transitional aid and development cooperation. Currently MBP/CTP is a thematic focus area of the network.
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A formal or informal structure for the exchange of goods, labor or services (often, though not always, a physical ‘marketplace’)
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A network of market actors supported by infrastructure and services, interacting within a context of institutions or rules that shape the actors’ trading environment
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Market based programming (MBP)
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A range of programme modalities that are based on understanding and supporting market systems local to the affected population
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A transfer of resources made directly in goods or services to beneficiaries, often through distributions of physical relief items.
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A paper or plastic card that can be exchanged for cash or commodities up to a certain amount/value at specified local shops/traders. The traders are paid by the contracting agency upon production of these vouchers or evidence of exchange between the trader and beneficiaries
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A paper or plastic card that specifies the commodities (and sometimes their amounts/numbers) that can be exchanged against the voucher from specified local shops/traders.
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A sum of cash given to beneficiaries at a regular interval over a period of time or paid in lumpsum.
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Cash grant can be conditional i.e. beneficiaries are required to fulfil conditions on either accessing the grant i.e. work, attending trainings or utilising the grant i.e. use to buy buckets. Cash grants can be unconditional also, especially if the grant is given to ensure beneficiaries are able to meet a range of needs.
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Restrictions refer to controls placed on transfers that limit their utilization. A restricted transfer means that the beneficiary is only able to use the assistance provided to access specific, pre-determined goods or services. Vouchers are by default restricted transfers as the range of goods and services and/or the retailers or service providers from which they are accessed are pre-determined. Cash is by definition an unrestricted transfer.
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Multi-purpose Cash Grant (MPG)
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A transfer corresponding to the amount of money a household needs to cover, fully or partially, a set of basic and/or recovery needs (Minimum Expenditure Basket). MPGs are by definition unrestricted transfers. Requires a coordinated approach to cash transfers whereby a range of sector needs would be addressed.
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Refers to a form of conditional cash grant that requires beneficiaries to fulfil the condition to `work’. Cash for work is different from employment because the primary purpose of cash for work is to transfer income/resource to people and `work’ is a secondary purpose or a means to achieve the primary purpose.
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Feedback and Comments
We value your feedback. Please contact us if you have any general comments, suggestions or contributions for future editions.
Contact I Johannes Rück I johannes.rueck@washnet.de
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