OXNARD, CA - The family of Lino Reyes are Mixtec migrants from San Martin Peras in Oaxaca. He and his wife work in the strawberry fields, and live in the garage of a house on the outskirts of town.
In California many farmworkers can't find decent places to live, or even any place at all. When the grape harvest starts in Coachella Valley, families of pickers bed down in the Mecca supermarket parking lot. In Sonoma County wine country, workers live outdoors and under bridges.
To alleviate this crisis, Hollister Assembly member Robert Rivas authored AB 1783, which aims to help create more housing for resident farmworker families, and keep them from being displaced by H-2A contract workers. It passed the Assembly and Senate by large majorities, and now awaits Governor Newsom's signature.
MECCA, CA - Rafael and his grandson Ricardo Lopez work picking grapes in the Coachella Valley. They come from San Luis, Arizona, and live in their van in a parking lot in Mecca during the harvest. Ricardo says, "This is how I envisioned it would be working here with my grandpa and sleeping in the van. But it would be better if they put up apartments for us to live in. It's hot at night, and hard to sleep. There are a lot of mosquitoes, and the big lights are on all night. There are very few services here, and the bathrooms are very dirty. At night there are a lot of people here, coming and going. You never know what can happen, it's a bit dangerous. But my grandfather has a lot of experience and knows how to handle himself."
In 2016 growers brought 11,106 workers to California under the H-2A guest worker program. Last year they brought 18,908-up 70 percent from two years earlier. Growers say heavy immigration enforcement at the border has created a labor shortage, and they need guest workers to get crops harvested.
Critics of the program say it creates a workforce vulnerable to abuse. H-2A workers can work only for the duration of a contract lasting less than a year, after which they must return to their home country. While in the U.S. they're tied to the grower who recruits them. If workers protest mistreatment and are fired, they must leave the country.
The H-2A program does, however, require growers to furnish housing, but in rural California that's hard to find. With the number of H-2A guest workers mushrooming, labor contractors and growers are packing them into motels and houses in working class neighborhoods. Last year Future Ag Management was fined $168,082 for providing housing in Salinas for 22 people, an arrangement that had them sharing one shower and a bathroom infested with insects.
ROYAL CITY, WA - An H2A contract worker in the room he shares with three other workers in the barracks where they live in central Washington. Workers live in the barracks and work several months, but must return to Mexico after the work contract is finished.
Even for the inadequate housing that does exist, competition is growing between local farmworkers, on the one hand, and growers intent on housing H-2A guest workers on the other. In response many communities are seeking to restrict the use of motels and the existing housing stock.
Soledad, in the Salinas Valley, put a moratorium on H-2A housing last September, after the local Motel 8 was converted into living quarters for contract workers. At the same time, residents complained that they were evicted from a rental complex when owners found it preferable to rent the apartments to H-2A contractors. Soledad school superintendent Tim Vanoli told a community forum, "When you displace families that are currently in our school system, that's a disruption to them, their lives and to their education."
In Santa Maria farmworker Francisco Lozano, a longtime community resident, said his rent for a two-bedroom apartment went from $1,000 to $1,300 in three years as growers outbid residents to house the 800 workers they brought into the valley. According to University of California, Davis agricultural economist Philip Martin, fair market rent for a two-bedroom house in Salinas is $1,400, while the current state minimum wage only produces $1,920 a month. According to Martin, one result is that a third of the children in the Salinas City School District are "technically homeless."
MECCA, CA - Enrique Saldivar, Leoncio Mendoza and Alfonso Leal come from Mexicali, on the US border 100 miles to the south, to pick grapes every year. At the height of the harvest they eat and sleep next to their car in the parking lot of a market in Mecca.
California set up the Joe Serna Jr. Farmworker Housing Grant Program in 2010 to provide subsidies for building farmworker housing, and in 2018 voters passed Proposition 1, which allocated $300 million to fund it. AB 1783 would set regulations over how this money can be used.
The bill has two parts. The first creates a streamlined process for subsidizing growers who build farmworker housing on their land. It would have to be administered by a qualified affordable housing organization, and units must remain affordable to farmworkers for 35 years. The second part of the bill bars "dormitory housing"-the kind typically used for H-2A workers. The legislature's bill analysis states it "does not preclude utilization of the H-2A program or the development of housing for H-2A visa-holders. However, it does make such housing ineligible for state funding for its planning, development, or operation of such housing."
Proponents of the restriction cite the experience in Washington State, where the Department of Commerce ruled that state subsidies for farmworker housing could be used by growers to build barracks for H-2A workers. Since housing is a significant cost for growers who use the program, the subsidy has been a factor in the explosive growth of the program there, where H-2A workers now make up a third of Washington's farm labor workforce.
"The community block grant program is designed to help alleviate poverty, not provide corporate subsidies, especially for Big Ag," said Rivas at a committee hearing on AB 1783. He argues that the bill "phases out state support of the federal H-2A program. These types of programs - such as the Bracero programs, which aimed to secure a temporary agricultural workforce - have historically limited farmworker rights and been criticized for abuse." The Bracero Program, which lasted from 1942 to 1964, was abolished under pressure from the growing Chicano civil rights movement. As in the H-2A program, people from Mexico were recruited to work under temporary contracts in U.S. fields. The program became notorious both for abuse of the migrants and for displacing farmworkers living in the U.S.
SANTA ROSA, CA - Juan, a Chinanteco migrant farm worker from Oaxaca, makes a fire in front of the where indigenous migrants sleep under the trees in Sonoma County.
The Western Growers Association calls AB 1783 "nonsensical." Growers object to having housing on their land managed by outside organizations, especially for 35 years. Proponents counter that giving growers the ability to evict workers invites retaliation against those who might complain about poor housing or working conditions.
But the restriction on the use of housing subsidies for H-2A housing meets even sharper opposition. Matthew Allen, who directs legislative affairs for the WGA, told a committee hearing, "It basically ties our hands on the state level." Taylor Roschen, legislative director for the California Farm Bureau Federation, added, "It seems antithetical if we have a bill that restricts how we spend that money, if the investment is for affordable housing for all," presumably including grower barracks for H-2A workers.
"We've had a hundred years of labor camps in California," responds Giev Kashkooli, legislative director for the United Farm Workers, which strongly supports the bill. "Building housing for families should get what funding the state can provide. This is really about the future of farmworker families. We want a food system that allows them to survive and find housing and lead a dignified life."
Thirty five county farm bureaus and trade groups for pistachio, strawberry and other crops are lined up to oppose AB 1783. But Kashkooli says that rural towns and cities themselves are lobbying for it, as they see the growing impact of the housing crisis and the H-2A program.
AB 1783 is yet more evidence of shifting demographics in California politics. The increased number of Latino legislators in Sacramento, especially from farmworker families, created the political basis for passing new overtime and heat standards for field laborers. AB 1783's author, Robert Rivas, is the son and grandson of farmworkers.
The governor has until October 13 to sign the bill. Exhibition Schedule
Exhibitions of photographs are scheduled for the following venues and dates:
In the Fields of the North / En los campos del norte Scheduled exhibitions:
September 1, 2019 - December 22, 2019
Hi-Desert Nature Museum, Yucca Valley January 5, 2020 - March 1, 2020
Community Memorial Museum of Sutter County, Yuba City March 15, 2020 - June 21, 2020
Los Altos History Museum, Los Altos March 21, 2021 - May 23, 2021
Carnegie Arts Center, Turlock
In Washington’s Fields Scheduled exhibition:
February 5, 2020 - July 15, 2020
Washington State History Museum, Tacoma, WA
More Than a Wall - The Social Movements of the Border Scheduled exhibition:
August 29,, 2020 - November 29,, 2020
San Francisco Public Library
Deportations Scheduled exhibition:
April 10, 2020 - May 1, 2020
Uri-Eichen Gallery, Chicago IL
In the Fields of the North / En los Campos del Norte Photographs and text by David Bacon
University of California Press / Colegio de la Frontera Norte 302 photographs, 450pp, 9”x9”
paperback, $34.95 (in the U.S.)
order the book on the UC Press website: ucpress.edu/9780520296077
use source code 16M4197 at checkout, receive a 30% discount
"Documenting the Farm Worker Rebellion"
"The Radical Resistance to Immigration Enforcement"
Havens Center lectures, University of Wisconsin, click here
San Francisco Commonweallth Club presentation by David Bacon and Jose Padilla, click here
Illegal People -- How Globalization Creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (Beacon Press, 2008)
Recipient: C.L.R. James Award, best book of 2007-2008 http://www.beacon.org/Illegal-People-P780.aspx
