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IUCN SULi Digest

May, June and July 2020

Hope you're all keeping well. In case you missed them here's selection of articles on Covid-19:
 
Wildlife trade and trade bans

 
Conservation and wildlife tourism

Also, check out this Covid-19 resource centre from TRAFFIC.


If you would like to sign up to receive the Digest on an ongoing basis, please click here.

  • Dilys Roe, Chair IUCN SULi
Themes
Covid-19
1. Bennett N, et al (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic, small-scale fisheries and coastal fishing communities. Coastal Management. DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2020.1766937 (Open access)
 
This editorial focuses specifically on the implications of the pandemic for small-scale fishers, including marketing and processing aspects of the sector, and coastal fishing communities, drawing from news and reports from around the world.
 
2. Booth H, et al (2020) Managing wildlife trade for sustainable development outcomes after COVID-19. SocArXiv. DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/2p3xt (Open access)
 
The authors describe how wildlife trade influences people and nature in diverse ways (both positive and negative), with synergies and trade-offs within and between the SDGs. They also discuss why there is a need for a more holistic and evidence-based approach, which goes beyond the narrow focus of current discourse.
 
3. Campbell S, et al (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on small-scale coastal fisheries of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-39895/v1 (Open access)
 
To quantify the effects of the pandemic on small scale fisheries in Indonesia the authors collect catch data across Southeast Sulawesi using a digital data collection system, and show that the number of active fishers and traders declined by more than 60% after the pandemic was announced.
 
4. Eskew E and C Carlson (2020) Overselling wildlife trade bans will not bolster conservation or pandemic preparedness. The Lancet Planetary Health. DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30123-6 (Open access)
 
The uncomfortable reality is that stopping pandemics is not as simple as stopping wildlife trade. Although the rising tide of emerging diseases will force societies to reconsider their relationships with the environment, external pressures that condemn wildlife exploitation but seek to replace it with fear and policing only handicap the real work of engendering respect for nature, weakening conservation in the long-term.
 
5. Fletcher R, Büscher B, Massarella K and S Koot (2020) ‘Close the tap!’: COVID-19 and the need for convivial conservation. Journal of Australian Political Economy. Available here (PDF)
 
With species and ecosystems in dangerous decline the world over (IPBES 2019), there is growing recognition that previous conservation strategies have been largely inadequate to tackle the challenges they face, and hence that something radically different is needed.
 
6. Hockings M, et al (2020) Covid19 and protected and conserved areas. Parks. Available here (PDF)
 
This special editorial provides a snapshot of how protected and conserved areas around the world are being impacted by COVID-19, providing a commentary on how effectively and equitably managed systems of protected and conserved areas can be part of a response to the pandemic that both lessens the chance of a recurrence of similar events and builds a more sustainable future for people and nature.
 
7. Jomitol J, Payne A, Sakirun S and M Bural (2020) The impacts of COVID-19 to small scale fisheries in Tun Mustapha Park, Sabah, Malaysia; What do we know so far? Preprints. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202005.0287.v1
 
This document presents the preliminary findings on the impacts of Covid-19 on the small-scale fisheries in Tun Mustapha Park, Sabah, Malaysia.
 
8. Jones P and D Comfort (2020) The COVID-19 crisis, tourism and sustainable development. Athens Journal of Tourism. DOI: 10.30958/ajt.7-2-1 (PDF)
 
The paper provides an outline of the COVID-19 crisis, and explores some of the relationships between tourism and sustainable development as illuminated by the COVID-19 crisis.
 
9. Lendelvo S, Pinto M and S Sullivan (2020) A perfect storm? The impact of COVID-19 on community-based conservation in Namibia. Namibian Journal of Environment. Available here (PDF)
 
The authors report on a rapid survey of five communal-area conservancies in Namibia to understand initial impacts on community-based conservation of national and international policies for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.

10. Lindsey P, et al (2020) Conserving Africa’s wildlife and wildlands through the COVID-19 crisis and beyond. Nature Ecology & Evolution. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1275-6 (Open access)
 
The authors describe how the COVID-19 crisis creates a perfect storm of reduced funding, restrictions on the operations of conservation agencies, and elevated human threats to nature. They identify the immediate steps necessary to address these challenges and support ongoing conservation efforts.
 
11. Mertens T and A Abecasis (2020) Time to see the forest for the trees: Protecting forests could prevent future pandemics and help preserve a common planetary future. ProQuest. Available here (Open access)
 
The authors review recent trends of proximate and underlying determinants of deforestation, forest degradation and related biodiversity losses while seeking to clarify their links to the determinants of emerging infectious diseases events.
 
12. Petrovan S, et al (2020) Post COVID-19: A solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics. Available here (Open access)
 
The authors undertake a solution scan to identify and collate 161 possible options for reducing the risks of further epidemic disease transmission from animals to humans, including potential further SARS-CoV-2 transmission (original or variants).

13. Roe D, et al (2020) Beyond banning wildlife trade: COVID-19, conservation and development. World Development. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105121 (Open access)
 
There is clearly an urgent need to tackle wildlife trade that is illegal, unsustainable or carries major risks to human health, biodiversity conservation or meeting acceptable animal welfare standards. However, some of the suggested actions in these calls go far beyond tackling these risks and have the potential to undermine human rights, damage conservation incentives and harm sustainable development. The authors discuss a number of reasons for this concerns.
CBNRM
Publications
14. Abebe B, et al (2020) Examining social equity in community-based conservation programs: A case study of controlled hunting programs in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. World Development. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105066
 
The authors examine social equity in a complex community-based controlled hunting program in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. The study contributes to the literature on community-based conservation by demonstrating how and why local’s concepts of fairness diverge from generic and externally defined notions of equitability.
 
15. Ahmed A and A Gasparatos (2020) Reconfiguration of land politics in community resource management areas in Ghana: Insights from the Avu Lagoon CREMA. Land Use Policy. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104786
 
This study explores the reconfiguration of land politics in a poor rural area of Ghana following the development of a community-based resource management and market-based conservation initiative.
 
16. Amoako-Atta E, Dayour F and S Bonye (2020) Community participation in the management of Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Development Studies. Available here (Open access)
 
This study unpacks how residents get involved in the management of the Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary, the specific activities they undertake as well as challenges they face.
 
17. Campos-Silva J, et al (2020) Community-based management of Amazonian biodiversity assets. In Baldauf C (eds) Participatory Biodiversity Conservation. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41686-7_7
 
The authors provide an assessment of the two largest community-based management programs in the Brazilian Amazon, which are inducing strong social and ecological benefits at a large scale.
 
18. Kisingo A and J Kideghesho (2020) Community governance of wildlife resources: Implications for conservation, livelihood, and improvement in democratic space. In Durrant J, et al (eds) Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania. Geotechnologies and the Environment, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_8
 
This chapter presents findings from a number of studies on community involvement in protected area governance in Northern Tanzania, showing how economic and social benefits are highly attributed to the involvement and training communities received in the establishment of wildlife conservation areas from land use planning to governance and leadership training.
 
19. Tarimo K and M Olotu (2020) Local community participation in wildlife conservation and management in Rungwa Game Reserve, Tanzania. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies. DOI: 10.2478/environ-2020-0009 (Open access)
 
The authors investigate the effects of community participation in sustainable wildlife management in Rungwa Game Reserve. The findings reveal both positive and negative effects of wildlife conservation and management, and they recommend the encouragement and strengthening of the involvement of local communities in wildlife conservation for the sustainable utilisation of natural resources.
News articles, blogs etc.

20. Our ongoing journey: exploring the challenges and lessons learned about community engagement in conservation -> Blue Ventures blog sharing learning on community engagement in conservation in Tsimipaika Bay, Madagascar.
 
21. Community conservation strengthens biodiversity in Similipal Tiger Reserve -> Legal recognition of their rights under the Forest Rights Act has encouraged tribal communities in Similipal biosphere of Odisha to protect the environment they coexist with.
 
22. A small indigenous group offers an example of how to save the world -> In South Africa, the Gumbi have not only conserved essential biodiversity but created plenty of jobs in the process.
 
23. Making communities central to conservation -> A new approach towards the management of wild areas needs to be considered for India where local communities are made central to conservation, is suggested in this commentary.

Ecotourism
Publications
24. Benu F, et al (2020) Community participation and sustainable tourism development model in Komodo National Park. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. DOI: 10.14505//jemt.v11.2(42).03
 
The increasing number of tourist visits to the Komodo National Park (KNP) has had various impacts on the local communities. This report concerns findings of research conducted regarding community perspectives on tourism development in the Komodo National Park KNP and the surrounding area.
 
25. Bhatt S (2020) Ecotourism: An innovative approach to biodiversity conservation and community development. In Sharma R, Watve A and A Pandey (eds) Corporate Biodiversity Management for Sustainable Growth. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42703-0_7
 
This paper describes two examples from India where local communities have been involved in ecotourism and become partners in conservation. One example is from Ladakh, where community-based homestays have helped reduce the hostility of people towards the snow leopard. The other is from Kachchh, where a similar initiative has helped support conservation of the Banni grasslands.
 
26. Forje G, et al (2020) Assessing the impact of ecotourism on livelihood of the local population living around the Campo Ma’an National Park, South Region of Cameroon. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism. DOI: 10.5897/JHMT2020.0280 (Open access)
 
This study assesses the impact of ecotourism activities on the livelihood of the local population living around the Campo Ma’an National Park (CMNP), revealing that 65% of the local population perceive that ecotourism activities do not contribute to livelihood improvement.
 
27. K C A, Ghimire S and A Dhakal (2020) Ecotourism and its impact on indigenous people and their local environment: Case of Ghalegaun and Golaghat of Nepal. GeoJournal. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-020-10222-3
 
The study aims to observe the impacts of ecotourism of two popular destinations, Ghalegaun and Golaghat, on the indigenous communities and their local environment.
 
28. Kandel S, Harada K, Adhikari S and N Dahal (2020) Ecotourism's impact on ethnic groups and households near Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Journal of Sustainable Development. DOI: 10.5539/jsd.v13n3p113 (PDF)
 
This study surveys the ethnic communities and households living in the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park (CNP) to examine the extent these households have economically benefited from local ecotourism activities as well as their perceptions of ecotourism.
 
29. Kalvelage L, Diez J and M Bollig (2020) How much remains? Local value capture from tourism in Zambezi, Namibia. Tourism Geographies. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1786154
 
The objectives of the paper are, first, to assess how much of the turnover generated in the Zambezi region remains in the region and, second, to examine the extent to which conservancies, as newly formed local institutions, enable communities to capture value from tourism.
 
30. Mudimba T (2020) Wildlife use versus local gain: The reciprocity of conservation and wildlife tourism in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure. Available here (PDF)
 
This study explores the reciprocity of conservation and wildlife tourism in Victoria Falls to determine the cost-benefit of human-wildlife coexistence within conservation goals and local communities’ welfare paradigms.
 
31. Mudzengi B, Gandiwa E, Muboko N and C Mutanga (2020) Towards sustainable community conservation in tropical savanna ecosystems: A management framework for ecotourism ventures in a changing environment. Environment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00772-4 (Open access)
 
Using an in-depth analysis of the Mahenye ecotourism venture from the year 1982 to 2020 as a case study, this study proposes a management framework for ecotourism ventures in a changing environment by examining the sustainability of community conservation initiatives in Zimbabwe.
 
32. Nkomo P (2020) Community-based conservation in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park: On livelihoods and economic governance. In Nshimbi C and I Moyo (eds) Borders, Mobility, Regional Integration and Development. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_11
 
This chapter examines the livelihood strategies of people in local communities located in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP). In the GLTP, it is evident that the tourism and conservation efforts are prioritised over the local communities’ needs.
 
33. Ortega-Álvarez R and R Calderón-Parra (2020) Linking biological monitoring and wildlife ecotourism: A call for development of comprehensive community-based projects in search of sustainabilityEnvironment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00761-7
 
The authors discuss the connection that exists between biological monitoring and wildlife ecotourism and highlight the relevance of linking both activities through comprehensive community-based projects, relying on birds and two emblematic experiences from indigenous communities of Mexico for their recommendations.
 
34. Phelan A, Ruhanen L and J Mair (2020) Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: Towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475
 
This paper examines the role of community-based ecotourism within the developing market dynamics of the blue economy, illustrating that community-based ecotourism supports sustainable use of marine resources and offers an entry point for low-resource coastal communities to take part in the blue economy.

35. Wondirad A (2020) Ecotourism development challenges and opportunities in Wondo Genet and its environs, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Place Management and Development. DOI: 10.1108/JPMD-12-2018-0109
 
The purpose of this study is to systematically identify and examine the challenges and opportunities of ecotourism development in Wondo Genet and its vicinity, southern Ethiopia and thereby forward suggestions to pertinent ecotourism stakeholders.
 
36. Ziegler J, et al (2020) Can ecotourism change community attitudes towards conservation? Oryx. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319000607 (Open access)
 
This study examines whether working in ecotourism changes the perceptions of and attitudes and behaviours of local people towards the focal species and its habitat and, if so, if tourism type affects those outcomes. The authors use four whale shark tourism sites in the Philippines as a case study.
News articles, blogs etc.

37. How to bring conservation messaging into wildlife-based tourism -> A new study states that failing to encourage tourists to do more on behalf of wildlife represents a missed opportunity for conservation

Illegal wildlife trade
Publications
38. Acharya K, et al (2020) Policy and management actions that resulted in curbing rhinoceros poaching. Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13692 (Open access)
 
The authors argue that coordinated actions that led to (a) strengthened institutional mechanisms, (b) improved community participation and (c) enhanced interagency coordination all focused on dismantling illegal trade networks contributed to curbing poaching in Nepal.
 
39. Agu H and M Gore (2020) Women in wildlife trafficking in Africa: A synthesis of literature. Global Ecology and Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01166 (Open access)
 
The authors synthesise the existing literature on roles of women in wildlife trafficking published between 2010 and 2019, creating a novel gender-integrated conceptual framework to guide their synthesis. They consider how and where the roles of women in wildlife trafficking could be mainstreamed by conservation biologists, criminologists and other stakeholders.
 
40. Dang Vu H, Reinhardt Nielsen M and J Bredahl Jacobsen (2020) Reference group influences and campaign exposure effects on rhino horn demand: Qualitative insights from Vietnam. People and Nature. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10121 (Open access)
 
While considerable effort is invested in rhino horn demand reduction campaigns, it is unclear to what extent users are exposed to and accept the messages in these ads. The authors investigate recall as an indicator of exposure and the influence of different reference groups by conducting interviews with self‐reported rhino horn users in Hanoi using an interpretative thematic analysis.
 
41. Dickman A, et al (2020) Wars over wildlife: Green militarisation and just war theory. Conservation and Society. DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_19_34 (Open access)
 
Conservationists have declared a 'war' on poaching, with extensive military resources deployed to combat it. The authors scrutinise this issue using 'Just War' principles, to explore whether the 'war' on poaching meets the criteria expected of armed conflict. Their perspective suggests that it fails both ethical and pragmatic examination.
 
42. Ghimire P, et al (2020) Species in peril: Assessing the status of the trade in pangolins in Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa. DOI: 10.11609/jott.5698.12.8.15776-15783 (Open access)
 
This research unfolds the status of pangolin trade in Sankhuwasava District of Nepal. The major threat perceived is hunting especially by unemployed local youth and children, with the majority of hunters opportunistic.
 
43. Gluszek S, et al (2020) Emerging trends of the illegal wildlife trade in Mesoamerica. Oryx. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319001133
 
The authors use expert-driven horizon scanning to identify emerging trends of the illegal wildlife trade in Mesoamerica. They find that the main emerging trends included digital and technological advancements, greater regional access to the global community, developments in trafficking techniques and growing demand for certain species.
 
44. Hitchens R and A Blakeslee (2020) Trends in illegal wildlife trade: Analysing personal baggage seizure data in the Pacific Northwest. PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234197 (Open access)
 
This work aims to better understand the magnitude of illegal wildlife importation into U.S. ports of entry by determining trends associated with illegal wildlife products from personal baggage seizures, using the Pacific Northwest as a specific case study.
 
45. Masroor R, Khisroon M and D Jablonski (2020) A case study on illegal reptile poaching from Balochistan, Pakistan. Herpetozoa. DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e51690 (Open access)

The authors carry out field visits in five districts of southwestern Balochistan during 2013–2017 to investigate the scale and hotspots of reptile poaching, encountering 73 illegal collectors possessing 5,369 live reptiles representing 19 species in ten families.
 
46. Morcatty T, et al (2020) Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chineseled development in Central and South America. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13498 (Open access)
 
The authors aim to detect trends in wild‐cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 in Central and South America and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized.
 
47. Paudel P, et al (2020) Trends, patterns, and networks of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal: A national synthesis. Conservation Science and Practice. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.247 (Open access)
 
The authors provide a thorough and comprehensive national assessment of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal using 5 years (2011 through 2015) of data on wildlife seizures and arrests collected from 73 districts.
 
48. Segniagbeto G, et al (2020) Insights into the illegal ivory trade and status of elephants in Togo, West Africa. African Journal of Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/aje.12748
 
By using data gathered from CITES institutions and natural resource management authorities in the country, the authors investigate the extent of ivory trafficking in Togo, and conduct surveys in villages around protected areas, which still contain elephant populations to assess the species’ current status in the country.
 
49. Thomas-Walters L, et al (2020) Taking a more nuanced look at behavior change for demand reduction in the illegal wildlife trade. Conservation Science and Practice. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.248 (Open access)
 
The authors examine the literature from public health and international development on the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions, and critique the current conceptualisation of strategies for reducing consumer demand in the illegal wildlife trade.
 
50. UNODC (2020) World wildlife crime report: Trafficking in protected species. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available here (Open access)
 
The second edition takes stock of the present wildlife crime situation with a focus on illicit trafficking of specific protected species of wild fauna and flora, and provides a broad assessment of the nature and extent of the problem at the global level.
 
51. Vardeman E and Velásquez Runk (2020) Panama’s illegal rosewood logging boom from Dalbergia retusa. Global Ecology and Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01098 (Open access)
 
The authors assess Panama’s cocobolo logging, using a media analysis of Panamanian and international reports on cocobolo logging from January 2000 to February 2018 coupled with long-term socio-environmental research to show how logging changed during the 2011-2015 boom.
News articles, blogs etc.

52. Fangs and skin: Illegal wildlife trade endangers Latin America’s jaguars -> Increasing reports of seized jaguar fangs and skin suggest that demand for jaguar parts has grown in the past decade, particularly in China. As relations between Latin America and Asia strengthen, criminologists and conservationists are concerned that a formal market for trafficked jaguar parts could reverse critical conservation progress.
 
53. Venezuela’s birds smuggled to Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and beyond -> Exotic birds from Venezuela are prized for a range of reasons. Parrots, especially macaws, are sold as pets while songbirds are often used in singing competitions in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname.
 
54. Tiger poachers have emerged as unlikely conservationists in an Indian village -> Article on Tiger Watch, an NGO working in the local community to save tigers.
 
55. Elephant poaching is a humanitarian crisis, too -> Most conservation efforts fail to address poverty as a primary cause of the poaching crisis. Poachers can make more money from one kill than most sub-Saharan Africans earn in an entire year.
 
56. How Namibia is outsmarting criminals involved in the illegal wildlife trade -> The criminal syndicates behind poaching are highly organised, professional and very clever. They are growing rich by stealing Namibia’s natural heritage, using poor Namibians to do their dirty work for them in return for less than 10% of the product’s market value.
 
57. Plunder of South Africa's reptiles has moved online -> In South Africa, the largely unregulated trade in tortoises, chameleons, armadillo lizards and sungazers is worth millions of rand, with the leopard tortoise the most popular reptile exported.
 
58. Uncovering Nepal’s trade in wild orchids -> A new project by Lancaster University and young Nepalese conservationists, aims to reveal the extent of the country’s illegal orchid trade and explore options for creating a sustainable alternative.
 
59. African wildlife traffickers face long prison sentences -> A court in Malawi has sentenced nine members of a gang of wildlife traffickers to a total of more than 56 years in prison for dealing in endangered species body parts in Africa.
 
60. Brazilian Amazon drained of millions of wild animals by criminal networks -> A new report is shining a bright light on illegal wildlife trafficking in the Brazilian Amazon. The study finds that millions of birds, tropical fish, turtles, and mammals are being plucked from the wild and traded domestically or exported to the U.S, EU, China, the Middle East and elsewhere.

Medicinal plant harvest and use
Publications

61. Dey A, Nandy S, Mukherjee A and B Modak (2020) Sustainable utilisation of medicinal plants and conservation strategies practiced by the aboriginals of Purulia district, India: a case study on therapeutics used against some tropical otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders. Environment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00833-8
 
The objective of this study is to elucidate the use of folk medicine against common otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic medical conditions, by various ethnic groups of Purulia district, West Bengal, India.
 
62. Kunwar R, et al (2020) Distribution, use, trade and conservation of Paris polyphylla Sm. in Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01081 (Open access)
 
Paris polyphylla Sm. is an important perennial medicinal plant of the Himalayas that is increasingly being used in traditional medicines and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to understand the socio-ecological interactions regarding the current distribution, use, trade, and conservation of P. polyphylla, in order to guide its sustainable production in the future.
 
63. Papageorgiou D, Bebeli P, Panitsa M and C Schunko (2020) Local knowledge about sustainable harvesting and availability of wild medicinal plant species in Lemnos island, Greece. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00390-4 (Open access)
 
In this study, the authors aim to register the known, harvested, and locally utilised wild medicinal plant (WMP) species and understand local knowledge of harvesters on Lemnos island, Greece, about the ecological sustainability of WMP harvesting and the perceived changes of WMP availability.
 
64. Prasad S and J Tomar (2020) Distribution and utilisation pattern of herbal medicinal plants in Uttarakhand Himalaya: A case study. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies. Available here (PDF)
 
This study is carried out in forest fringe area villages of Garhwal Himalaya to understand the distribution and utilisation patterns of medicinal plants. The authors recommend the sustainable use of over-utilised species plus the commercial utilisation of underutilised species.
 
65. Raina R and K Gautam (2020) Conservation and utilisation of high-altitude threatened medicinal plants. In Rajasekharan P and S Wani S (eds) Conservation and Utilization of Threatened Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham. 10.1007/978-3-030-39793-7_13
 
The demand for these high-value Himalayan medicinal and aromatic Plants is increasing every year despite of their low availability because of the multiple medicinal value of these herbs. These medicinal plants form part of Indian economy, are source of livelihood for local inhabitants, and also form part of local healthcare.

News articles, blogs etc.
No new news articles or blogs at this time.
Recreational hunting
Publications
66. Gayo L, Nahonyo C and C Masao (2020) Will the sustainability of lion tourist hunting be certain amidst non compliance to conservation legal frameworks? A case of Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Sociology. Available here (PDF)
 
This paper examines the understanding and compliance with the IUCN sustainability principles among hunting practitioners of Selous Game Reserve (SGR) for effective management of hunting activities.
 
67. Hellinx E and J Wouters (2020) An international lawyer’s field guide to trophy hunting. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy. DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2020.1768688
 
Although some research suggests that legal, well-regulated trophy hunting programmes can positively contribute to wildlife conservation efforts, surprisingly little legal scholarship has focused on the regulatory framework that governs trophy hunting, and remarkably little guidance exists for the development and improvement of regulation in this area. With this article, the authors aim to start bridging that gap.
 
68. Hitchcock R, Winer N and M Kelly (2020) Hunter-gatherers, farmers, and environmental degradation in Botswana. Conservation and Society. DOI: 10.4103/cs.cs_19_87 (Open access)
 
This article considers some of the issues surrounding hunting bans and protected areas with a view to conserving elephants. Utilising government and other scientific wildlife data, the hunting ban in Botswana cannot be shown to have had any significant impact on the conservation of elephants and other game species.
 
69. Parker K, et al (2020) Impacts of a trophy hunting ban on private land conservation in South African biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Science and Practice. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.214 (Open access)
 
The authors investigate the consequences of a potential trophy hunting ban in Private land conservation areas (PLCAs) in two biodiversity hotspots in South Africa's Eastern and Western Cape provinces. The results suggest that a trophy hunting ban may have many unintended consequences for biodiversity conservation, national economies, and the livelihoods of PLCA owners and employees.
 
70. Perco F (2020) How hunting and wildlife conservation can coexist: Review and case studies. In Angelici F and L Rossi (eds) Problematic Wildlife II, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42335-3_8
 
The authors examine four forms of coexistence between hunting and wildlife conservation (WLC): non-impactful, impactful and eliminatory, impactful but resilient, and impactful but contributory hunting (ICH). The most significant with regard to its impacts on wildlife, on the environment, and on local communities is ICH.
News articles, blogs etc.

71. Celebrity campaigns undermine human rights and conservation -> A group of more than fifty community leaders, representing millions of people across southern Africa, have urged UK-based celebrities to stop using their influence to undermine the human rights of impoverished people and jeopardise wildlife conservation in the region.
 
72. Hunting proceeds benefit the vulnerable -> Hunting is important to communities that have lost their livelihoods because of Zimbabwe’s increasing wildlife population.
 
73. US govt applauded for accepting elephant hunting trophy imports -> This landmark court decision is a hard fought victory not only for the SCI but also for the African countries that benefit from the hunting industry.
 
74. COVID-19, Africa’s conservation and trophy hunting dilemma -> The debate over trophy hunting’s utility as a source of conservation revenue takes on a new urgency in the light of COVID-19.
 
75. Dossier: hunting and human-wildlife conflict -> Hunting is a topic that attracts polarised viewpoints. But the article demonstrates that when it comes to limiting human-wildlife conflict and to wider conservation measures, it’s not always so simple.
 
76. Hunting for conservation solutions -> Thanks to a pioneering land partnership model, long-term conservation and sustainable usage can be mutually beneficial even on high-value properties. 
 
77. Podcast: Five years after the death of Cecil the Lion, trophy hunting debate rages on -> On this episode of the Mongabay Newscast the participants discuss the state of the debate over trophy hunting five years after the killing of Cecil the Lion sparked widespread outrage.
 
78. British govt warned against causing African Wildlife Conservation crisis -> Observers worldwide are appalled by the proposed British Government anti-trophy hunting imports Bill.
 
79. “The Namibian Leopard: National census & sustainable hunting practices” -> An overview of the Namibian leopard study. The report gives stakeholders the factual and scientific basis for a sustainable leopard management system.

Rights-based conservation
Publications
80. Herse M, et al (2020) Engaging Indigenous Peoples and local communities in environmental management could alleviate scale mismatches in social–ecological systems. BioScience. DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa066
 
The authors argue that engaging IPLCs in place-based environmental management could generate the fine-resolution information and workforce needed to alleviate scale mismatches, illustrating their argument using a case study initiated by Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
News articles, blogs etc.

81. Conflict in wildlife conservation: The destructive impacts of conservation practice on local communities -> Far before this crisis, the communities that inhabit the lands in and surrounding protected areas, have faced hardship as a result of conservation work.
 
82. The dark side of forest conservation: The Sengwer tribe and Embobut forest -> Since 2009 the Sengwer tribe has been systematically targeted and violently evicted from Embobut forest by the Kenyan Forest Service guards as part of the government’s conservation efforts. Conserving the ecosystem is important – but surely not at the cost of an entire community and their livelihoods?
 
83. Indigenous-led technology solutions can boost biodiversity and ensure human rights -> UNDP recently carried out an assessment of claims that the human rights of Baka hunter-gatherers are being violated by conservation guards around Messok-Dja park in the Republic of Congo. But there is an alternative: to put the Baka and other Indigenous peoples and local communities at the heart of decision-making.

Small scale fisheries management
Publications
84. Dias A, Cinti A, Parma A and C Seixas (2020) Participatory monitoring of small-scale coastal fisheries in South America: use of fishers’ knowledge and factors affecting participation. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-020-09602-2
 
The authors analyse key features of participatory monitoring programs in small-scale coastal fisheries in South America through a literature review complemented by expert opinion, considering the fisheries and variables monitored; objectives, duration, institutional context of the monitoring programs; and factors that affect the extent of fishers’ participation and the incorporation of fishers’ knowledge.
 
85. Gilchrist H, Rocliffe S, Anderson L and G Gough (2020) Reef fish biomass recovery within community-managed no take zones. Ocean & Coastal Management. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105210
 
The authors use a six-year dataset and a before-after-control-impact sampling design to assess the biological effectiveness of five community-managed no take zones (CMNTZs) situated within the Velondriake locally managed marine area (LMMA) in southwest Madagascar.
 
86. Gough C, et al (2020) Evidence of overfishing in small-scale fisheries in Madagascar. Frontiers in Marine Science. 
DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00317 (Open access)
 
Working with small-scale fisheries in western Madagascar, the authors analyse landings data to provide a description of the fishery and evaluate the top twenty most commonly caught species for evidence of overfishing. The results of this paper support the call for improved management.
 
87. Harper S, et al (2020) Valuing invisible catches: Estimating the global contribution by women to small-scale marine capture fisheries production. PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228912 (Open access)
 
The role that women play in fisheries around the world is receiving increasing international attention yet the contributions by women to fisheries catches continues to be overlooked by society, industry and policy makers. The authors address this lack of visibility with a global estimation of small-scale fisheries catches by women.
 
88. Hiriart-Bertrand L, Silva J and S Gelcich (2020) Challenges and opportunities of implementing the marine and coastal areas for indigenous peoples policy in ChileOcean & Coastal Management. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105233
 
The Marine and Coastal Areas for Indigenous Peoples policy in Chile has the potential for scaling up marine biodiversity and cultural conservation through assigning access and management rights over marine areas to indigenous communities. In this article the authors review the policy implementation process and highlight current opportunities and threats, which if left unattended could jeopardise the policy.
 
89. Kusumo S, Adrianto L, Boer M and Suharsono (2020) A system dynamics model for marine conservation area management – a case study of Pulo Pasi Gusung local marine conservation area, Selayar, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation. Available here
 
The objective of this study is to develop a system dynamic model, as a decision support system, to manage the coral reef ecosystem at the Local Marine Conservation Area of Pulo Pasi Gusung, South Sulawesi.
 
90. Moreira F (2020) The fishing rights of Indigenous Peoples in the context of the global governance of the seas. Ocean Yearbook Online. DOI:  10.1163/9789004426214_007
 
The purpose of this article is to describe interfaces between global governance of the seas and the fishing rights of Indigenous Peoples.
News articles, blogs etc.

91. Bolivia’s northern Amazon: Introduced fish species create new opportunities and challenges -> Introduced fish species in the Bolivian Amazon could provide indigenous communities with livelihood opportunities, but may also be a threat to their critically-important subsistence fisheries through predation and territorial exclusion.
 
92. Indonesian fishers face livelihood threat from ‘beautiful’ tourism project -> The coastal district of Majene on Sulawesi is being developed to attract tourists. Local fishers, however, have opposed the Waterfront City development project, saying it will damage the ecosystem that they depend on as their main source of livelihood.

Sustainable/community-based forest management
Publications
93. Brown M (2020) Diversity and adaptation in local forest governance in Yunnan, China. Human Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-020-00149-1
 
The author examines contemporary commons management through the lens of community-based forest governance in 32 communities in Yunnan Province, China.
 
94. Ghimere P and U Lamichhane (2020) Community based forest management in Nepal: Current status, successes and challenges. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources. DOI: 10.33002/nr2581.6853.03022 (PDF)
 
The authors describe the success of Nepal’s community-based forest management approach, and illustrate the lessons learnt and the current challenges in making the decentralized forest governance more successful in the changing context.
 
95. Gutiérrez-Zamora V and M Hernández Estrada (2020) Responsibilisation and state territorialisation: Governing socio-territorial conflicts in community forestry in Mexico. Forest Policy and Economics. DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102188 (Open access)
 
This article examines the limitations of community-based approaches to forest management in contexts of ambiguous collective property rights and protracted inter-community socio-territorial conflicts, pointing to the responsibilisation mechanisms that emerge and their consequences.
 
96. Kurniasih H, Ford R, Keenan R and B King (2020) A typology of community forestry approaches in Indonesia: Implications for external support to forest communities. International Forestry Review. DOI: 10.1505/146554820829403522
 
This paper presents a typology of community forestry (CF) in Indonesia to present academic knowledge of CF in a form that is useful for practice, providing a systematic basis for researchers aiming to understand the processes of transition to CF, and for policy makers and practitioners aiming to implement CF in Indonesia and elsewhere.
 
97. Macqueen D and J Mayers (2020) Unseen foresters - an assessment of approaches for wider recognition and spread of sustainable forest management by local communities. WWF, Sweden. Available here (Open access)
 
This report explores the point of view of ‘unseen foresters’ - the forest managers among the 1.3 billion forest-dependent people who live in forests as IPLCs who, if better recognised, could spread their forest management systems for local and global benefit.
 
98. Nuraeni, Ilsan M and Aminah (2020) Economic impact of community forest management on farmers: An Indonesian perspective. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology. DOI: 10.1504/IJARGE.2020.107065
 
This study conducts a profit analysis to understand the economic impact of community forest management on farmers in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. The study results show that a farmers' income sourced from the community forest is more than from the non-community forest.

99. Purnomo E, Ramdani R, Salsabila L and J-W Choi (2020) Challenges of community-based forest management with local institutional differences between South Korea and Indonesia. Development in Practice. DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2020.1749561
 
This article compares the implementation of community-based forest management practices between South Korea and Indonesia and discusses the political and legal basis of land and natural resources of the two countries. 
 
100. Segura Warnholtz G, Molnar A and N Ahuja (2020) Forest communities in control: Are governments and donors prepared to help them thrive? International Forestry Review. DOI: 10.1505/146554820829523989 (Open access)
 
This paper explores locally-controlled forestry in developing countries, and discusses some challenges currently faced by communities and their enterprises, and the options governments and donors have to help them succeed.
 
101. Tabot A, Owuor O and J Migosi (2020) Influence of participatory project initiation on sustainable forest management in Saboti, Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. International Journal of Forestry Research. DOI: 10.1155/2020/2648391 (Open access)
 
This study examines how participatory project initiation influences sustainable forest management in Saboti forest in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. The results imply that an increase in participatory project initiation improves sustainable forest management in Saboti.
News articles, blogs etc.

102. Community forestry can work, but plans in the Democratic Republic of Congo show what’s missing -> Success or failure depends on a multitude of locally determined variables, for instance what resources exist or how well organised the community is. There’s no silver bullet solution and it is generally a long-term process.
 
103. Parks vs. people: In Guatemala, communities take best care of the forest -> When Guatemala created a major reserve 30 years ago, environmentalists complained that too much land was entrusted to local people and not converted to parks. Now, the parks have been overrun by ranches linked to drug traffickers, while the community-run lands are well preserved.
 
104. A Brazilian forest community shows certified timber really does work -> In Pará, the Brazilian state with the highest deforestation rate, communities inside Tapajós National Forest have for the past 15 years run one of the most successful native timber management projects.
 
105. Mangrove forest restoration boosts Costa Rica communities -> Commentary on a new report on an ambitious mangrove restoration effort in the Terraba Sierpe National Wetland in Costa Rica.

Sustainable use and traditional knowledge
Publications
106. Gafner-Rojas C (2020) Indigenous languages as contributors to the preservation of biodiversity and their presence in international environmental law. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2020.1768693
 
The author looks at the development of the objectives, goals, indicators, and actions established by the CBD through the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially in relation to traditional knowledge and indigenous languages, in order to define the level of recognition that the close interrelation between these languages and the preservation of biodiversity have at the international level.
 
107. Hegazy A, et al (2020) Indigenous knowledge of wild plants collected in Darfur, Sudan. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. DOI: 10.32859/era.19.47.1-19 (Open access)
 
The objectives of this study are to assess current indigenous knowledge of wild plants in Darfur (both indigenous and naturalised species), to categorise current uses, and to identify any gaps in terms of medicinal plants used locally that merit scientific investigation.
 
108. Janaki M, Pandit R and R Sharma (2020) The role of traditional belief systems in conserving biological diversity in the Eastern Himalaya Eco-region of India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. DOI: 10.1080/10871209.2020.1781982
 
The authors examine the traditional beliefs and taboos of different tribal communities in the Eastern Himalaya Eco-region and their contribution to natural resource management and biodiversity conservation through semi-structured interviews conducted with indigenous communities.
 
109. Pukkalla D and K Rama Mohan (2020) Local knowledge and marine livelihoods among the south Indian fishing community. Journal of African and Asian Studies. DOI: 10.1177/0021909620931524
 
This article investigates the phenomenon of local knowledge of the fishing community about fish ethology and conservation of existing natural resources, focusing on the Telugu marine fishing community in South India.
 
110. Vierros M, et al (2020) Considering Indigenous Peoples and local communities in governance of the global ocean commonsMarine Policy. 
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104039
 
The authors use examples of active transboundary connectivity by migratory species as case studies to highlight the relevance of IPLCs on islands, coasts and beyond to the governance of the global ocean commons, and make a case for their essential and beneficial inclusion in it.
 
111. Wanjohi B, et al (2020) Ecological knowledge of indigenous plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya). Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Available here (PDF)
 
This study assessed Indigenous ecological knowledge on plant species identification, use and management of indigenous non-medicinal plants among the Marakwet Community in Embobut Basin in Kenya, which has a wealth of such knowledge.
News articles, blogs etc.
112. Traditional practices and beliefs in landscape management -> Traditional and local beliefs, taboos, norms and knowledge play such a critical role in conserving local biodiversity and landscapes that researchers are now considering whether these might be applied more widely and in a variety of locations that are under threat.
Sustainable use measurement, monitoring, assessment
Publications
113. Ali L, et al (2020) An evaluation of the public’s Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) in Trinidad and Tobago regarding sharks and shark consumption. PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234499 (Open access)
 
There is a global lack of data concerning shark consumption trends, consumer attitudes, and public knowledge regarding sharks. This is the case in Trinidad and Tobago, where shark is a popular culinary delicacy, and where the authors conduct a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices survey.
 
114. Çiçek K, et al (2020) Unsustainable harvest of water frogs in southern Turkey for the European market. Oryx. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319000176
 
The authors analyse the population dynamics of Anatolian water frogs in the Seyhan and Ceyhan Deltas during 2013–2015. Their capture estimates indicate a population reduction of c. 20% per year, and population modelling shows that, if overharvesting continues at current rates, the harvested populations will decline rapidly.
 
115. Kimengsi J, Mukong A and R Balgah (2020) Livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights and policy implications for forest-based communities in CameroonSociety & Natural Resources. 
DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2020.1769243
 
Growing evidence suggests a nuanced link between diversification and well-being for forest communities. The authors contribute to clarify this nuance, by analysing the well-being outcomes linked to forest and non-forest diversification choices, through a systematic sample of 200 households around the Kilum-Ijim Forest Landscape of Cameroon.
 
116. Le H and T Nguyen (2020) The contribution of non-timber forest products to the livelihoods of forest-dependent people: A case study in Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2020.1770131
 
This research seeks to understand the contribution of NTFPs to the livelihoods of forest-dependent people in Vietnam, using structured interviews with 100 households in three villages in Truong Son commune, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam with different types of household wealth ranking.
 
117. Oliveira de Lima D, Crouzeilles R and M Vinícius Vieira (2020) Integrating strict protection and sustainable use areas to preserve the Brazilian Pampa biome through conservation planning. Land Use Planning. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104836
 
The authors present the first formal Systematic Conservation Planning for the Brazilian part of the Pampa, which is the least protected biome in Brazil. They aim to build conservation scenarios where at least 17 % of the biome area were protected, following the 11th Aichi target for terrestrial lands protection according to the CBD.
 
118. Pilkington F, Singh M, Wilkins V and C Clubbe (2020) The first rapid forest inventory and resource use assessment of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan: a mixed methods approach. Oryx. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605319001170 (Open access)
 
There is critical need for more information on the status of forests in Central Asia, to inform conservation management. Here, the authors assess the status and use of the globally important, threatened walnut–fruit forests of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan.
 
119. Suwardi A, et al (2020) Wild edible fruits generate substantial income for local people of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region. Enthobotany Research and Applications. Available here (Open access)
 
Gunung Leuser National Park offers a variety of wild edible fruit species (WEFs) with food, nutrition, medicine, and economic value to the local people. In recent times, these WEFs have been threatened by over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. This study aims to investigate the diversity of WEFs and their contribution to household income for communities living around the National Park.
News articles, blogs etc.
No new news articles or blogs at this time.
Wild harvest for food
Publications
120. Erena M, Bekele A and H Debella (2020) Bushmeat hunting practices in Jorgo-Wato protected forest, western Ethiopia. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Available here (Open access)
 
This study aims to assess the practices of bushmeat hunting in Jorgo-Wato protected forest. As bushmeat hunting practice is highly secretive, well-designed strategies and awareness campaigns are needed to reduce the demand for bushmeat in villages surrounding the forest.
 
121. LaRocco A (2020) Botswana’s hunting ban and the transformation of game-meat cultures, economies and ecologies. Journal of Southern African Studies. DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2020.1773083
 
When the government of Botswana ended its five-year prohibition of commercial safari hunting, comparatively little attention was directed at the policy reversal’s effect on communities that had engaged in non-commercial and subsistence hunting prior to the moratorium. This article explores this in more detail.
 
122. Navia Z, et al (2020) The diversity and contribution of indigenous edible fruit plants to therural community in the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. DOI: 10.17170/kobra-202004061145 (Open access)
 
This study aims to explore the diversity of Indigenous edible fruit species (IEFs) and evaluate their contribution to the enhancement of the rural community income in the Gayo Highlands region, revealing that the sale of IEFs contributes approximately 43 % of the total yearly household income.
 
123. Ray A, Ray R and S E. A. (2020) How many wild edible plants do we eat—their diversity, use, and implications for sustainable food system: An exploratory analysis in India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00056 (Open access)
 
The authors assess the diversity of wild edible plant resources in India and the importance of species based on the use and its pattern, and shortlisted a set of plants to make an informed decision on prioritisation.
 
124. Tregidgo D, Barlow J, Pompeu P and L Parry (2020) Tough fishing and severe seasonal food insecurity in Amazonian flooded forests. People and Nature. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10086 (Open access)
 
The authors examine spatiotemporal variation in fish catch rates and perceived food security among rural communities in Amazonian flooded forests, and also assess social inequities in food insecurity.
 
125. van Velden J, Travers H, Moyo B and D Biggs (2020) Using scenarios to understand community-based interventions for bushmeat hunting and consumption in African savannas. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108676
 
The authors use scenario-based interviews to explore the potential effects of seven programs on proxies for bushmeat hunting and consumption, including the provision of alternative protein sources, the provision of alternative incomes, and the harvesting of natural resources from protected areas, using four protected areas in Malawi.  
 
126. Vasquez W and T Sunderland (2020) Protected areas and food security: Unravelling the issues. In Baldauf C (eds) Participatory Biodiversity Conservation. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41686-7_4
 
Despite the important human-forest interactions and relative degrees of forest dependency, access to much of the global forest estate is increasingly regulated under the guise of biodiversity conservation. This chapter outlines the critical issues related to the right to food in the context of the growing call for the annexation of land for conservation.
News articles, blogs etc.

127. Exploring why people eat wild meat – and designing better alternatives -> New research from Cameroon investigating drivers for wild meat consumption will help find sustainable alternatives that work for rural people.

Wildlife trade (and CITES)
Publications
128. Clements H, Knight M, Jones P and D Balfour (2020) Private rhino conservation: Diverse strategies adopted in response to the poaching crisisConservation Letters. DOI: 10.1111/conl.12741 (Open access)
 
Given concerns that escalating poaching has caused private‐rhino owners to disinvest, the authors use a national survey to assess 171 private‐rhino owners’ responses to the crisis. Most owners support rhino‐horn trade to fund conservation, yet international trade remains banned.
 
129. Cohen J, Williams H, Strong Y and H Fisher (2020) Non-detriment findings for international trade in wild orchids from developing countries; A case study for Broughtonia sanguinea in Jamaica. Journal for Nature Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125840
 
This paper describes how existing guidelines for a “non-detriment finding” (NDF) were adapted to provide a protocol for Jamaican orchids using the endemic Broughtonia sanguinea as a case study.
 
130. D'Cruze N, et al (2020) Snake oil and pangolin scales: Insights into wild animal use at “Marché des Fétiches” traditional medicine market, Togo. Nature Conservation. DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.39.47879 (Open access)
 
The authors investigate wildlife derivative trade at the largest fetish market of West Africa in Togo. Specifically, they ask what wild animals or animal products were most profitable, which wild animals were perceived by vendors to have increased most in rarity and what they were used for.
 
131. Eikelboom J, et al (2020) Will legal international rhino horn trade save wild rhino populations? Global Ecology and Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01145 (Open access)
 
The authors review scientific and grey literature to scrutinise the validity of reasoning behind the potential benefit of legal horn trade for wild rhino populations. They identify four mechanisms through which legal trade would impact wild rhino populations, of which only the increased revenue for rhino farmers could potentially benefit rhino conservation.
 
132. Hierink F, et al (2020) Forty-four years of global trade in CITES-listed snakes: Trends and implications for conservation and public health. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108601
 
The authors analyse CITES-listed snake trade from 1975 to 2018 using the recently released shipment-level CITES Trade Database to identify spatiotemporal trends of snake trade and generate insights regarding snake conservation and potential public health risks from snakebite.
 
133. Hinsley A and M 't Sas‐Rolfes (2020) Wild assumptions? Questioning simplistic narratives about consumer preferences for wildlife products. People and Nature. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10099 (Open access)
 
The authors highlight the difficulty in linking stated preferences and real‐world behaviour, due to confounding factors. They recommend that researchers embrace these complex markets rather than trying to simplify them, and clearly state the limitations of studies that try to make the connection between stated preferences and actual behaviour.
 
134. Shepherd C, Leupen B, Siriwat P and V Nijman (2020) International wildlife trade, avian influenza, organised crime and the effectiveness of CITES: the Chinese hwamei as a case study. Global Ecology and Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01185 (Open access)
 
The authors focus on the international trade in Chinese hwamei, a songbird native to south-eastern China and northern Lao PDR and Vietnam, comparing data from three non-range countries (Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia) for which they have bird market survey data prior to and following a CITES listing.
 
135. Timoshyna A, et al (2020) The invisible trade: Wild plants and you in the times of COVID-19 and the essential journey towards sustainability. TRAFFIC. Available here (Open access)
 
This report draws attention to the economic, livelihoods and conservation importance of the trade in wild plants resources alongside issues of sustainability of supplies.
 
136. Wahab D, Maulany R, Nasri and Nirsyawita (2020) Hunting and trading activities of reticulated python (Python reticulatus) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia: A report from the field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012029 (Open access)
 
This study aims to 1) identify potential areas to catch reticulated python; 2) examine the profiles of hunters/collectors of python's skins; 3) identify distribution channel of the skin trade within the region; and 4) determine sustainability of the python skin trading in South Sulawesi Province.
News articles, blogs etc.

137. Prized as pets, are ball pythons being traded out of wild existence? -> Some experts say that wild ball python populations are in rapid decline, and that the trade needs to be better regulated or completely stopped; others say that ball pythons are not currently threatened, and that the trade can be maintained with the proper management and captive breeding programs.
 
138. Legalising rhino horn trade will be a disaster -> A ministerial panel is reviewing policies on international trade in rhino products. Any move to legalise this trade would be a disaster — for the remaining population of wild rhinos, for South Africa’s tourism and for impoverished people living near our wildlife reserves.
 
139. Python skin jackets and elephant leather boots: How wealthy Western nations help drive the global wildlife trade -> Consumer demand in the United States and Europe is a significant driver of wildlife trade. And wildlife products appeal to Western consumers for many of the same reasons that drive demand in other parts of the world.
 
140. Even after a global ban, pangolins are still legally traded -> At the start of 2017, a global treaty imposed an international ban on the commercial trade in pangolins. But China, Hong Kong and the US all appear to have imported specimens since then.

General (non-thematic articles on sustainable use and livelihoods)
Publications
141. Brehony P, et al (2020) Incorporating social-ecological complexities into conservation policy. Biological Conservation. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108697 (Open access)
 
The authors apply the Social-Ecological Systems Framework to explore the barriers to the potential implementation of a policy of consumptive utilisation of wildlife in Kenya, a policy regarded as successful in several southern African countries.
 
142. Brockington D and K Schofield (2020) Celebrity colonialism and conservation in Africa. In Clarke R (eds) Celebrity Colonialism: Fame, Power and Representation in Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Available here
 
Understanding conservation in Africa is impossible without appreciating its colonial origins, and difficult without examining postcolonial critiques of present practice. At the same time, the opportunities for celebrities to support African conservation work have proliferated over the years. This chapter outlines the basic contours of change and their consequences.
 
143. IUCN ESARO (2020) Closing the gap. The financing and resourcing of protected and conserved areas in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN ESARO and BIOPAMA, Nairobi, Kenya. Available here (Open access)
 
This report aims to provide an overview of the current status of protected area finance in the Southern and Eastern African region, covering 24 countries, to understand the extent of the challenge. The report also outlines the different innovative finance mechanisms that might be used to help decrease the funding gap.
 
144. Milner-Gulland E, et al (2020) Four Steps for the Earth: Mainstreaming the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. SocArXiv. DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/gjps6 (Open access)
 
Restoring nature while meeting human needs requires a bold vision, but this will only succeed if biodiversity conservation can be mainstreamed in society. Here, the authors present an overarching framework that could support this mainstreaming: the Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy.
 
145. Sen S (2020) Gender, environment and sustainability: The journey from ‘silent spring’ to ‘staying alive’International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences ResearchAvailable here (Open access)
 
This article discusses the roles and contributions of certain women environmentalists - Rachael Carson, Gaura Devi, Wangari Maathai, Vandana Shiva, Medha Patkar and others in view of environmental stability and sustainability.
 
146. Soliku O and U Schraml (2020) Protected areas management: A comparison of perceived outcomes associated with different co-management types. Forest Policy and Economics. DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102258 
 
This study examines the extent to which actors' perceptions of co-management outcomes vary as a result of different co-management types and the factors accounting for such variations, using Mole National Park (Ghana) as a case study.
 
147. von der Mühlen M, Aylwin J, Kausel T and F Fuders (2020) Land tenure insecurity and forest conservation in Chile: The case of the Mapuche Huilliche Indigenous communities in the coastal range rainforests of Mapu Lahual. In Fuders F and P Donoso (eds) Ecological Economic and Socio Ecological Strategies for Forest Conservation. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35379-7_7
 
This research addresses the underlying causes, consequences and possible solutions to land tenure insecurity in Chile. The research problem –land tenure insecurity– is analytically approached from a regional and national perspective.
 
148. Zen I, et al (2020) Quo vadis development: Assessing the livelihood of indigenous people’s communities in Malaysia and the potential for community-based conservation effort. Environment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00813-y
 
This study explains the coexistence of indigenous people in the context of physical development vis-à-vis conservation effort in the Royal Belum, Malaysia. The indigenous people close relationship with the nature offers a unique stewardship function for co-creation and co-management practices.
News articles, blogs etc.

149. The Battle for the Soul of Conservation - And what it means for Namibia -> An academic war of words has been waged in the field of conservation science for the last several years. While the first shots were fired from an Australian university, it has since become a global tussle, as other Australian academics have defended their ground with like-minded colleagues. The topic that generated such intense debate has a rather innocuous name – compassionate conservation.

150. Botswana elephants episode: There’s a colonial underpinning to conservation -> Conservation should indeed be a global priority. But understanding of the complexity and colonial roots of this problem and the shocking double standards that exist, is vital.

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