|
Watershed News and Views Fall 2020
|
|
|
|
Although the ecology of the SEAWA watershed is predominantly grasslands, communities of tall shrubs, willows and cottonwoods can be found adjacent to the South Saskatchewan River where conditions are suitable for both seedling establishment in late spring and growth during our hot, dry summers. These riparian forests provide a variety of ecosystem services and are important for sustaining both terrestrial and aquatic species. They also provide oases of vegetation for outdoor recreation in the largely treeless prairies of southeastern Alberta. Unfortunately, they are some of the most impacted habitats within the South Saskatchewan River Basin.
Read more about the value of our riparian forests and the threats facing them.
|
|
|
|
Exciting News!
We are currently developing a new website and look forward to launching it early in the new year. Stay tuned ...
|
|
|
|
|
A small section of SEAWA riparian restoration work; a wooden stake beside each shrub. Seven Persons Creek, at the Yeast site, Oct. 22, 2020. Photo credit: Ben White.
|
|
|
This fall we concluded another rewarding and productive field season of SEAWA’s riparian restoration field work and outdoor education activities. Our shrubs and trees entered winter senescence with the onset of single digit minus temperatures in mid-October, and thin ice started to develop on the surface of ponds and streams. The end of season wrap-up included the last of our weekly watering (October 19-20), which was promptly followed by the first significant snowfall. The following week of cool single digit plus temperatures melted the snow and brought some windy days. Soaking the soil before winter is very important for newly planted shrubs and trees in this semi-arid climate because the intermittent loss of snow cover and blowing winds from winter chinooks can sometimes dry out shallow roots of new plants.
In 2020, we expanded plant protection cages to accommodate growing plants and fixed damaged ones. We also cleared or uprooted riparian invasive species and noxious weeds, collected final data sets for our applied research experiments, and implemented a new experiment. We are looking forward to getting back into the field in 2021 to provide plant care to our current 900 shrubs and trees at four riparian restoration sites, and potentially adding more plants and a new site.
|
|
|
|
|
Chris Beck received a pottery souvenir handmade from Medicine Hat clay by Martha Munz Gue, Chair, SEAWA Communications Committee. Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
The end of the field season also meant saying goodbye, for now, to our field staff, hired help, and some of our volunteers. On October 21, five SEAWA staff and volunteers had lunch at the SEAWA Art Gallery at the Arcade Plaza, downtown Medicine Hat. While maintaining the 2m social distance recommendation, we thanked Chris Beck for working with us as a Riparian Restoration Assistant from when our summer students left in mid-August to the end of our field season. We wish him good luck in his next job and future career. On the same occasion, we also thanked Terry Lawson for her volunteer work digging out leafy spurge at the Yeast restoration site over the past two seasons.
|
|
|
|
|
SEAWA Executive Director Marilou Montemayor presented Terry Lawson with some SEAWA swag. Photo credit: Ben White.
|
|
|
December 5 is International Volunteers Day!
We would like to thank everyone who gives so generously of their time. SEAWA always welcomes volunteers - for its board, committees, events, fieldwork at riparian restoration sites, and applied research projects.
|
|
|
|
Protecting local riparian forests from takeover by Russian olive
Written by Marilou Montemayor.
The colonization of the locally invasive Russian olive tree as the undergrowth of native cottonwood riparian forests by the South Saskatchewan River is a serious ecological concern. Once established they will prevent cottonwoods from re-establishing in the area. Cottonwoods are shade intolerant such that their seedling recruitment, usually facilitated by floods, is always at the fringes of their mature trees. Unfortunately, the invasive Russian olive is shade tolerant, and also thrives in the open. To make matters worse, beavers prefer cottonwoods and rarely, if ever, take down Russian olive trees.
Today’s seedlings become the future forest. Riparian forests of Russian olive trees would be an ecological disaster. Cottonwoods are big trees with extensive root systems and they are able to hold banks effectively against erosion. Native cottonwood riparian forests have served as habitat and food source for numerous native aquatic organisms, birds, and wildlife. The introduction of Russian olive trees for ornamental and shelterbelt purposes has created several ecological, water quality, and riparian function issues (please see SEAWA Info Sheet: Russian olive - a local invasive species). Therefore, we should help control the spread of Russian olive by not planting it in the first place, and by uprooting or digging out its seedlings and saplings at every opportunity. SEAWA plans to hold eradication events every spring and fall.
|
|
|
|
Keely Gilham, Alexi Nelson, and Hannah Sabatier conducting a vegetation inventory, Connaught pond, Medicine Hat, May 27, 2020. Photo credit: Meike Wege.
|
|
|
Russian olive, a local invasive species: inventory and policy recommendations on its management
Submitted by Keely Gilham.
Thank you to SEAWA for the opportunity to conduct my study (practicum), a requirement for my master’s degree. I gathered a small forest succession inventory around Connaught pond in Medicine Hat and made observations throughout the whole watershed. I concluded that Russian olive species was evident throughout the watershed and the number of trees significantly increased the further downstream of Connaught pond and closer to the South Saskatchewan River.
During my research I found that Russian olive has environmental, economic, and in some areas, significant social impacts. Due to Russian olive being a shade tolerant species, once it is established it can withstand competition from other trees and shrubs replacing native cottonwoods and willow species and becoming the dominant species along riparian areas. It can interfere with agricultural practices, displacing native vegetation, and choking out irrigation canals. The economic costs of controlling the species can be extremely high as the total area affected is extensive, trees are in various age classes requiring various control methods or combination of methods, control methods may need repeat applications over several years, revegetation using native plant species in areas where they were outcompeted, potential erosion control measures in riparian areas with revegetation, and educational campaigns.
Currently, in the City of Medicine Hat the only bylaw other than provincial legislation that regulates weeds and or invasive species is Weed Control Bylaw or Bylaw No. 1982; it is not specific to Russian olive. However, under the provincial government Weed Act, authority is given to local municipal governments to manage the species other than the classified noxious or prohibited noxious weed, as they see fit. Section 7 (1) of the Weed Act states- “A local authority may make bylaws designating plants within the municipality as restricted, noxious or nuisance weeds”. The City of Medicine Hat has a few designated species under each category restricted, noxious and nuisance; however, Russian olive is not anywhere on the list. This bylaw was last updated July 6, 1992. Under the Provincial Weed Act species are either classified as Noxious Weed or Prohibited Noxious Weed and Russian olive does not fall under either of these.
It is my recommendation that provincial legislation follow suit to many American states and to strictly prohibit the sale of the species in nurseries and garden centers. Changing the status of Russian olive to “Prohibited Noxious Weed” on a provincial scale will then make management of the species easier as legislation indicates; “A person shall destroy a prohibited noxious weed that is on land the person owns or occupies”. If it is placed in this category, local municipalities would then need to destroy the species. Strengthening legislative definitions is another area that could use improvement; “invasive” is not defined under the Weed Act. This definition would be beneficial for all environmental and economic decision making. While it is easy to make legislative recommendations; it cannot happen overnight and educating people on the impacts just one species can create has the potential to start making small changes.
|
|
|
SEAWA conducts applied research to provide a scientific basis to the watershed topics we communicate to our members and stakeholders. Our experiments have so far addressed research questions relevant to revegetation and control of invasive plant species or noxious weeds in riparian areas. Invasive species include leafy spurge, Russian olive, reed canary grass, Japanese brome, and climbing nightshade or bittersweet. Since 2018, we have conducted ten applied research experiments and one water quality monitoring study. Some experiments were started in the 2019 and 2020 seasons. Out of the ten experiments, we have concluded one, discontinued one, and the rest are ongoing until 2021 and 2022 seasons. Several new experiments conducted in 2020 are described below.
|
|
|
Alexi Nelson spraying a deer browse deterrent, Sauder reservoir riparian restoration site, June 22, 2020.
Photo credit: Meike Wege.
|
|
|
|
The effectiveness of deer browsing prevention techniques on native shrub species
Written by Alexi Nelson.
Restoring riparian habitat requires a great deal of management strategies to ensure success. The native trees and shrubs that are planted must be tended to by pulling invasive weeds to ensure proper growth, weekly watering until their roots establish, and adequate protection from wildlife. Small tree saplings and shrubs are especially vulnerable to competition with other plants, drought, and browsing pressure. Ungulate species such as deer, elk, and moose tend to seek shelter, food, and water within riparian areas leading to a high likelihood of browsing damage within SEAWA’s restoration sites. Although providing habitat for wildlife is one of the main priorities for restoration practices, the plants require protection until they can withstand browsing pressure. Methods to prevent browsing pressure to allow planted vegetation to establish include installing a cage surrounding each individual plant and/or spraying deer repellent spray.
Various native shrub species that are suitable for riparian restoration within Southeastern Alberta include red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), thorny buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), golden currant (Ribes aureum) and wolf willow (Elaeagnus commutata). Ungulates prefer certain shrub species over others depending on the shrubs palatability (taste), nutritional value, presence of defenses (thorns, spines, or prickles) and whether they are poisonous. We are currently conducting an experiment to determine the best browsing prevention strategy for three different shrub species: red osier dogwood, thorny buffaloberry, and chokecherry. Since these species vary in ungulate preference, the best method of prevention may differ between species or we may determine that a shrub species does not require protection.
The experiment is located at SEAWA’s restoration site at Sauder Reservoir west of Medicine Hat. Alongside previously planted shrubs of the overall riparian restoration project, 15 red osier dogwood, 15 thorny buffaloberry, and 15 chokecherry shrubs were planted on June 22, 2020. Treatments include: 5 of each species are caged, sprayed with Bobbex Deer Repellent® every two weeks and after a rain, and 5 are left untreated. The parameters that are measured to determine browsing pressure include counting total stems per shrub, browsed stems per shrub, measuring the height and diameter at the base of each shrub. The initial data will be compared with the final data once collected. Unfortunately, the hailstorm on June 27, 2020 caused injury to the shrubs and they did not recover well by the end of the season. The study will be resumed next season, 2021.
|
|
|
Climbing nightshade or bittersweet laden with red berries climbing on a Russian olive tree, Connaught pond, Medicine Hat, SEAWA riparian restoration site.
Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
|
Control of climbing nightshade or bittersweet
In late September of this year, Grasslands Naturalists alerted us to the proliferation of a vine weed in some of the city of Medicine Hat’s natural areas: climbing nightshade or bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara. This plant grows extensive rhizomes, can become invasive, and is known to be very difficult to control or eradicate. Upon closer inspection, we found numerous plants of this weed have proliferated on the north shore of the Connaught pond, Medicine Hat. They have been growing under the tangle of Russian olive trees, a locally invasive species that have also colonized, and shrubs on the same shore or riparian area. We also found them along the shores of Seven Persons Creek, growing on the riprap across the Saamis Memorial Home.
We implemented two experiments on how to control climbing nightshade without the use of chemicals. We applied different treatments for each experiment, with replication. For vines of length less than 0.5m: 1) Dig-out or uproot plant, and 2) No treatment. For vines greater than 0.5m and upto 2 m: 1) Dig-out entire root system, 2) Dig-out entire root system and cover with a plywood palette. We found only one plant with length greater than 2 m; so we could not do an experiment with it. We uprooted it and will record observations. Regrowth, if any, will be recorded next season.
|
|
|
Ben White, SEAWA Stewardship Intern, installing one of the plywood palettes as part of the climbing nightshade control experiment. Connaught pond, Medicine Hat, SEAWA riparian restoration site, Oct 27, 2020.
Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
|
Chris Beck, SEAWA Riparian Restoration Assistant, preparing the planting bed for the pollinator garden, downtown Medicine Hat, Oct. 9, 2020.
Photo credit: Ben White.
|
|
|
|
A Pollinator Garden in downtown Medicine Hat
Earlier this year, SEAWA summer students planted a pollinator garden with native prairie wildflowers in an attempt to attract more pollinators and help beautify downtown Medicine Hat. There has been a growing concern about the declining bee population in North America and planting bee-friendly gardens is being encouraged. We expanded our pollinator garden this fall. Chris Beck and Ben White cleared an edge of grassy terrace, prepared the flower bed and seeded it with prairie wildflowers that were collected by SEAWA staff and Martha Munz Gue, SEAWA Communications Committee Chair. We seeded milkweed, golden and white asters, blazing star, sunflower, Gaillardia, yarrow, coneflower, beardtongue, sneezeweed, brown-eyed Susan, Canada goldenrod, and many more.
It was very timely that the first significant snow of the year fell the day after seeding was completed! The garden is located by the sidewalk of Macleod Trail at the corner of 4th St. SE. We are looking forward to a beautiful flowerbed hosting bees this coming spring. This initiative is in partnership with the owner of the Arcade Plaza building where the SEAWA office is located.
|
|
|
Native cottonwood riparian forest appreciation walk, South Saskatchewan River, Riverside, Medicine Hat, Oct.7, 2020.
Photo credit: Jane Milner.
|
|
|
|
Protecting our native cottonwood riparian forest - awareness walks
Walks along riparian forests of the South Saskatchewan River and the Seven Persons Creek by Saratoga Park Trail were organized by Grasslands Naturalists (GN) twice in October. This was in celebration of National Forest Week September 20-26. SEAWA staff participated in these walks to promote awareness about the importance of riparian forests. During the nature walks, identification of wildflowers, grasses, shrubs and trees, and invasive plants were key activities as well as observations of birds, beavers and other wildlife. Discussion on watershed, environmental, or natural areas issues and awareness needs often arose.
|
|
|
Stopping during a walk to uproot invasive Russian olive seedlings and saplings growing under a native cottonwood forest, South Saskatchewan River, near Red Deer Drive SW and TransCanada bridge, Medicine Hat, Oct. 21, 2020.
Photo credit: John Slater.
|
|
|
|
In honour of National Forest Week: September 20-26
Cottonwoods Poem by SEAWA member Gerry Elhert
|
|
|
|
Invasive Russian olive tree seedlings and saplings have colonized the undergrowth of native cottonwood riparian forest; once grown they will prevent cottonwoods from re-establishing in the area, South Saskatchewan River, Red Deer Drive SW, Medicine Hat, Oct. 27, 2020.
Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
Russian Olive Removal Event
Written by Paula Munro.
On Saturday October 31, during a beautiful, crisp, Halloween morning, nine SEAWA volunteers and staff uprooted Russian olive seedlings and saplings from near the riverfront off Red Deer Drive SW, in Medicine Hat. Over the course of two hours, volunteers were able to remove close to 700 saplings over a distance of roughly half a mile (0.77 km); 3.7 ac or 1.5 ha in area. It was a great effort by all, as these new trees are removed by hand using shovels and spades. Removal projects will continue as the need arises to keep these invasive species at bay. Please come join us and bring your family and friends for some fresh air, great company, and meaningful efforts to protect and preserve our stunning prairie shoreline.
|
|
|
John Slater with the day's best specimen of uprooted Russian olive sapling. South Saskatchewan River, Oct. 31, 2020.
Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
|
|
Uprooting Russian olive seedlings and saplings: Terry and Rob Lawson, Tina Regehr, John Slater, Martha Munz Gue, Alexi Nelson, Paula Munro, Ben White, and Marilou Montemayor. South Saskatchewan River, Oct. 31, 2020. Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
|
Horseradish: An Edible Invader
Historically, horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) was valued in medicine, as well as in various cuisines across Europe and west Asia. In modern times, horseradish has been introduced to areas well beyond its native range, and several garden cultivars have been developed for culinary use. Prepared horseradish is a popular condiment for roast beef, so in a province that prides itself on quality beef, horseradish sounds like exactly the kind of plant everyone would want to have in their garden. Unfortunately, it has escaped into the wild, and has the potential to become a problem weed in Alberta, and around Medicine Hat in particular. Harvesting edible weeds helps control their spread, and horseradish is no different.
Rob Gardner with Transition Medicine Hat, hosted an event on October 3 for this reason. Event participants went out and dug up some wild horseradish plants that were growing near the Medicine Hat Tourist Information Centre. Ben White, SEAWA Intern, joined this event and was happy to be able to make one of his favourite condiments from scratch.
The best part of the horseradish plant is the root, but the leaves can also be used similarly to other green leafy vegetables like spinach or collards, and can add some spice to salads as well. Making your own horseradish condiment is easy: clean and peel the roots, grate, and mix with vinegar. There are many recipes to prepare this condiment in different ways; just search Google!
|
|
|
|
Horseradish - from freshly harvested roots to the finished product. Photo credit: Ben White.
|
|
|
SEAWA Art Gallery, Downtown at the Arcade Plaza on Third Street
Come check out the SEAWA Art Gallery, open from 2-5 on Wednesdays and 2-8 on Fridays until December 23, located on the main floor of the Arcade Plaza downtown (419 - 3rd St. SE)! Learn about your watershed while enjoying beautiful water-themed art (much of which is for sale) from local artists! A nice piece of art might make a good gift for a loved one this holiday season. On Fridays, the gallery hours coincide with the Small Business Market being held on weekends at the Arcade Plaza downtown. We thank Arcade Plaza for providing the space for free.
|
|
|
Some of the artwork by local artists displayed at the SEAWA Gallery, November 18, 2020.
Photo credit: Ben White.
|
|
Celebrating the Environment
|
|
|
|
World Fisheries Day is November 21!
|
|
SEAWA member Ian Curry with a northern pike catch, South Saskatchewan River, Medicine Hat.
Photo supplied by Ian Curry.
|
|
|
SEAWA Riparian Restoration Assistant Chris Beck trying his luck at Elkwater.
Photo supplied by Chris Beck.
|
|
|
|
Suckers: Their role in the environment and sustainable fishing
Submitted by Chris Beck.
Fishing has been one of my favorite summer pastimes since my youth. After the views of central BC and the trout, going home to Southeast Alberta where many species of fish abound, was always a draw for a great day of fishing. In 2018 I decided to go down to the South Saskatchewan River and try fishing for a large pike. I did not end up landing one that day although I did land my first sucker which to my surprise pulled harder than any trout I had ever hooked! This increased my drive to expand the diversity of my species list.
I started to notice an odd trend among my fellow fishers. As suckers are very common fish to find in an ecosystem, they would be landed more often than target species. Consequently, many suckers are killed and left on the shore. Suckers are important to a healthy aquatic ecosystem and they should not be discarded or wasted while fishing. Fishers should learn and practice the proper technique to release them back into the water.
Suckers belong to the genus Catostomus, and there are four common native species in AB: White, Mountain, Longnose and Largescale suckers. Suckers are bottom feeders. These fish can be identified by their light to dark brown scales with a sharp cut off at the belly with white scales, as well as their downward pointing mouth. This mouth plays an important role in what the fish eats. As the mouth has no teeth, suckers swim near the bottom of a lake or river beds and sucks various organisms such as snails, invertebrates, dead debris or decaying organic matter, and algae. Their teeth are located at their throats.
We have heard of beavers as ecosystem engineers. Suckers have been found to be ecosystem engineers as well. They have been found to create divots in the bottom sediment of a river and this activity enhances the population of bugs and that is important for the overall health of a water body.
How do you catch a sucker and what is the proper technique and tools to safely land and release them? I would recommend using a circle hook as these have a higher chance of setting in the mouth of the fish instead of the throat. Using circle hooks alone will help greatly increase the fish’s survival upon release. When catching a sucker, and all other fish species, try to keep the fish in the water if possible. This can be done by either using a rubber fishing net to keep them in place in deeper water, or by hand in shallow water. However, ensure that the hands are wet before handling the fish as dry hands wipe off the mucus layer which damages the scales, this can lead to the fish becoming infected with various diseases or resulting in death. The best place to hold the fish to prevent injury is to support its belly close to the tail as well as under the head along the gill plate. Try not to hold the fish vertical as this has a chance to displace its organs. Using these three tools will greatly increase the sucker’s chance of survival.
|
|
|
Seven of the 13 volunteers at the Ranchlands cleanup, Sept. 23, 2020.
Photo credit: John Slater.
|
|
|
|
Waste Reduction Week September 19-25: Fall Clean-ups
SEAWA organizes community annual shoreline cleanups in September and in April (Earth Day) that include riparian invasive species removal in addition to litter or garbage pick-ups. SEAWA and Grasslands Naturalists (GN) participate in each other’s event. This September 30, SEAWA registered its activity at Connaught pond as part of the Great Canadian Shoreline Clean-up initiative. On the same day but different times, GN also held a clean-up event at Strathcona Island Park, Medicine Hat. These two events were covered by the local newspaper, Medicine Hat News: Medicine Hat News: It's the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup! Earlier, on September 23, SEAWA staff joined GN’s garbage clean-up in the riparian area of Ranchlands neighbourhood, Medicine Hat.
|
|
|
Outdoors are best enjoyed without litter!
The following article and photos above were submitted by SEAWA volunteer Paula Munro.
|
|
|
As we face an ever changing world and while “normal” has a different connotation to us lately, people are finding that appreciation for Mother Nature and getting outside again. There is a peace and calmness only the great outdoors can provide, and millions are seeing the benefits of spending time amongst the natural world during the uncertainty of the pandemic. As we walk, fish, bike, boat, hike, and camp in areas around Canada, we are able to move with less restriction into the natural spaces. Unfortunately all this has contributed to our environmental degradation and our garbage problem. As so many of our volunteer cleanup programs that normally occur in the spring months have been cancelled due to coronavirus, there has been a considerable accumulation of waste. While so many practices are now “single use”, this has caused an influx of added garbage that wasn’t collecting before. I often spend a morning here, an afternoon there, walking alone or in groups, just cleaning and (safely) collecting garbage.
I am starting to see more in areas where normally it wouldn’t be found in such volumes. Of particular notice, as groups head out to the water areas, the South Saskatchewan river shore has seen large increases of waste such as dangerous fishing hooks and other items such as latex gloves and piles of plastics. Parks, lots, and public areas in our communities amongst Medicine hat and Redcliff have seen increases in the amounts of accumulated trash. Drawing our attention to these matters we are reminded during waste reduction week (September 19-25) to get out there, and get the garbage out. Let’s help keep Canada clean, while we enjoy the great outdoors with our families and various groups, making it our mission to actively and safely do our part and keep Medicine Hat clean. Cheers!
|
|
|
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030
|
|
|
|
Native sagebrush field, a habitat to sage grouse and other species-at-risk. Somewhere around the Peigan Creek area, July 2017. Photo credit: Marilou Montemayor.
|
|
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 is a global effort aimed at restoring the planet and ensuring One Health for people and nature. The Decade unites the world behind a common goal: preventing, halting and reversing the degradation of ecosystems worldwide. Forests, grasslands, croplands, wetlands, savannahs, and other terrestrial to inland water ecosystems, marine and coastal ecosystems and urban environments—all of them are in dire need of some level of protection and restoration. (This paragraph was extracted from the linked UN document).
Restoration of ecosystems provides resiliency to the effects of climate change of people and the overall environment. SEAWA’s riparian restoration projects in partnership with landowners, St. Mary River Irrigation District, and the city of Medicine Hat are in alignment with this global effort. On-the-ground restoration work started in April 2018 and continues to November 2021. The work includes fencing off livestock, pets and people; installation of off-stream watering systems, revegetation and post-planting care over 3 seasons, applied research on invasive plants control, and riparian health assessment. SEAWA’s riparian restoration projects have been made possible with the funding support of the Government of Alberta’s Watershed Resiliency and Restoration program, Government of Canada - Fisheries & Oceans, and wage subsidies to summer students and interns provided by Canada Summer Jobs and ECO Canada. In-kind contributions of many passionate volunteers who helped in fieldwork, promotion, and education have been highly valuable and inspiring.
SEAWA creates awareness on the importance of the conservation native prairie grasslands. Although vast tracts of native grassland have been converted to agriculture, there are remnants that should be conserved. Some may be located in rural areas and some within or on the fringes of urban areas. This is critical for the continued existence of native plants and animals, and the recovery of several species-at-risk found in Southeastern Alberta. Read more about species at risk in the Alberta Species-at-Risk guide.
|
|
|
A quote selected by Keely Gilham:
"The goal of sustainable development is to create and maintain prosperous social, economic, and ecological systems. These systems are intimately linked: humanity depends on services of ecosystems for its wealth and security. Moreover, humans can transform ecosystems into more or less desirable conditions. Humanity receives many ecosystem services, such as clean water and air, food production, fuel, and others. Yet human action can render ecosystems unable to provide these services, with consequences for human livelihoods, vulnerability, and security." (Folke et al. 2004).
|
|
|
Got something to say? Have an event you'd like us to share with our members?
Do you have a story you'd like to tell? Are you hosting a watershed-inspired event? Want to share it with over 600 like-minded individuals? Let us know! We're always looking for topics that might interest our members.
executive@seawa.ca
403-580-8980
|
|
P.S. SEAWA relies on an active volunteer membership. Send us an email if you are passionate about maintaining a healthy watershed!
|
|
|
|
