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STIRIG Newsletter | May 2020                                                           View this email in your browser
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Research Interest Group (STIRIG)
Issue 7: February 2021
Welcome to the 7th issue of the STIRIG Newsletter!

In this issue we are focusing on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). In November 2020, following the close of the 73rd World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization officially launched a strategy to eliminate cervical cancer with support affirmed from 194 countries around the world.  For the first time ever, the world committed to eliminate a cancer.

This is possible thanks to the availability of necessary tools including an effective vaccine against HPV, which causes cervical cancer, accurate tests for its detection in screening programmes and effective treatments for precancerous lesions identified in screening.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death in women living in low- and middle-income countries. The high mortality from a largely preventable cancer is a consequence of the limited access to HPV vaccination, effective screening or treatment of precancerous lesions in these settings. In addition, women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) have a 6-fold increased risk of cervical cancer compared to HIV negative women. Of the over 111,000 cervical cancer cases diagnosed in sub-Saharan Africa in 2019, 25% occurred in women living with HIV, increasing to 65% in southern Africa the region with the highest prevalence of HIV in women.
Spotlight

Dr Jason Ong and his colleagues at the Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, China; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre; and The University of New South Wales recently published a study in The Lancet Global Health to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of 61 intervention strategies for cervical cancer screening, including a combination of various screening methods at different frequencies with and without vaccination, and also vaccination alone, from a health-care system perspective.
 
This research supports the need for implementing effective primary prevention strategies (i.e. HPV vaccination) and secondary prevention (i.e. cervical screening tests). They found that strategies that combined screening and vaccination would be more cost-effective than screening alone strategies when the vaccination cost was less than $50 for two doses, even with a willingness-to-pay of one times the per-capita GDP.


The HPV in Africa Research Partnership (HARP) study, led by Philippe Mayaud in collaboration with colleagues Helen Kelly, Helen Weiss and Clare Gilham at LSHTM and in partnership with the University of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute in South Africa and Montpellier University in France was conducted among over 1200 WLHIV in Burkina Faso and South Africa, representing settings with different HIV epidemics, differing epidemiology of HPV infection and cervical cancer, and differing approaches to screening for cervical cancer. The study aimed to evaluate the optimal cervical screening strategy for WLHIV, in order to detect the maximum number of women with cervical precancer, but avoiding unnecessary colposcopy or treatment of women without precancer but who have a positive screen test. 
 
The study published in this months issue of PLoS Medicine found that an HPV-DNA test identified the greatest number of women with precancer (90%) compared to traditional methods such as visual inspection and cervical cytology which identified 62% and 77% of women with precancer, respectively. However, due to the high prevalence of high-risk HPV in these populations, there was a greater proportion of women without precancer (45%) who had a positive HPV-DNA test, meaning a triage test using cytology or visual inspection was required to determine treatment eligibility. A simple user-applied modification to the HPV-DNA based test resulted in fewer women without precancer testing positive resulting in fewer colposcopy referrals and consequently fewer clinic visits thereby reducing inconvenience to women and costs to the service while ensuring that treatment can be offered to most women who needed it.

The advantage of HPV based tests is that they allow for self-sampling using vaginal swabs to facilitate screening participation and provide reproducibly high accuracy for detection of cervical precancer. A negative HPV test provides greater assurance against future risk of cervical cancer compared to cytology or visual inspection methods. However, HPV tests still remain too expensive for wide availability in low- and middle-income settings and increased efforts are needed to make these technologies more accessible and affordable in settings where risk of cervical cancer and associated morbidity are greatest.
 
Ed Clarke and MRC Unit Gambia at LSHTM are running a phase 3, randomized, observer-blind, non-inferiority trial to evaluate alternative human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination schedules in females in West Africa. This trial is currently recruiting 1720 females in the rural Lower River Region of The Gambia. One of the aims of the trial is to examine the safety and immunogenicity of Gardasil 9™ in 4 to 8-year-old females in this setting.  Data to support the use of the vaccine in this younger age-group, are ultimately expected to facilitate vaccine coverage through allowing mixed-age year groups to be vaccinated in schools and through providing more opportunities to vaccinate prior to sexual debut - even using annual or biannual delivery. A second aim is to examine the immunogenicity and safety of 1-dose and 2-doses of the vaccine in 4 to 8-year-olds and 9 to 14-year-olds, compared to 3-doses in 15 to 26-year-olds – the group and schedule for which efficacy data exist.  Additional exploratory objectives include examining the cellular immune response to the vaccine, potential issues related to vaccine hesitancy – particularly in the parents of younger females, as well as a mathematical modelling component.  Additional funding obtained through LSHTM (ISSF) is also allowing the study to generate baseline prevalence data on other STIs and associated antibiotic resistance in the same populations.  Different aspects of the study are being conducted in collaboration with Professor Heidi Larson, Professor Mark Jit, Dr Robert Butcher, Dr Emma Harding-Esch and Professor Martin Holland at LSHTM as well as with Dr Simon Beddows (PHE) and Professor Margaret Stanley (University of Cambridge).  The trial is ongoing and projected to end in 2023 when trial results will be available.


 
 
STIRIG News and Events

Challenges in STI control
To coincide with the LSHTM module ‘Control of STIs (CSTI)’,  the LSHTM STI Research Interest Group (STIRIG) and the organisers from CSTIs will be co-hosting two seminars highlighting key challenges in STI control.
 
Monday
22ndFebruary 2021


12:45-13:45 GMT		 CSTI/STIRIG Seminar 1:
WHO Strategic Approaches to STI Prevention and Control – a historical perspective
 		 Francis Ndowa
Director, Skin & GU Medicine Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe		 Event details: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/events/world-health-organization-strategic-approaches-sexually-transmitted-infections  
 
Webinar link: https://lshtm.zoom.us/j/99799841843
Wednesday
3rd March 2021
 
12:45-13:45 GMT		 CSTI/STIRIG Seminar 2: 
The challenge of integrating STI services within HIV PREP services
 		 Jason Ong
Monash Univ, Melbourne		 Event details :  https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/events/programmatic-considerations-integrating-sti-services-pre-exposure-prophylaxis
 
Webinar link: https://lshtm.zoom.us/j/97774830214
 
 
Interview with Ina Park, author of newly released book, “Strange Bedfellows”
Speaker: Ina Park, Associate Professor, UCSF
Wed 10th March, 17:00-18:00 GMT
Event details: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/events/interview-ina-park-author-strange-bedfellows-adventures-science-history-and

Webinar link: https://lshtm.zoom.us/j/97519861751

Strange Bedfellows translates the latest science of sexually transmitted infections (STI) by blending stories of real people’s sexual escapades, historical tales, and in-depth interviews with leading scientists, venturing beyond the bedroom to examine the hidden role that STIs have played in our lives and society. Hailed by The New York Times as “joyful and funny” Strange Bedfellows was praised for its use of “compassion, science and a loving playfulness” to diffuse the stigma surrounding these common infections.
 
Funding opportunities 
 
PhD opportunities based at UCL
None specify a deadline for applications, but we know of at least one with an intended start of October 2021. They are funded through the STI & BBV HPRU with UCL and PHE, so are open to UK nationals only.
 
Mapping multi-morbidity in HIV infection (MAP-HIV)
https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/mapping-multi-morbidity-in-hiv-infection-map-hiv/?p129486
 
Optimising vaccination for hepatitis and HPV among key populations attending sexual health services in England
https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/optimising-vaccination-for-hepatitis-and-hpv-among-key-populations-attending-sexual-health-services-in-england/?p129487
 
Genomic and phylo-epidemiological analysis of hepatitis C virus diversity and antiviral resistance in the UK
https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/genomic-and-phylo-epidemiological-analysis-of-hepatitis-c-virus-diversity-and-antiviral-resistance-in-the-uk/?p129488
 
Feasibility and acceptability of using near real-time whole genome sequencing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to guide clinical decision-making and individualised patient interventions
https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/feasibility-and-acceptability-of-using-near-real-time-whole-genome-sequencing-of-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-to-guide-clinical-decision-making-and-individualised-patient-interventions/?p129490

Grant opportunities
 
MRC Applied Global Health Board
The MRC Applied Global Health Board supports research that will benefit the health of people living in LMICs. Applications from principal investigators in LMICs, as well as principal investigators who are based in the UK and working in equal partnership with LMIC investigators are encouraged. Research projects are sought that will develop practical solutions to health challenges from late-stage intervention development onwards. Priority areas are in: maternal and neonatal health, early childhood development, adolescent health, and implementation science. Applied research into understanding the effects of COVID-19 in LMICs will be funded through this board. Researchers based in China and India cannot be principal investigators for applications to this call but they can be named as co-investigators. Three grant schemes available through the Applied Global Health Research Board include research grants, programme grants and partnership grants. Proposals of all sizes, including large applications over £1 million and small to medium-scale applications are accepted.
Please note the LSHTM information session on this call on 27 January 2021, information below.
Deadline: 14 April 2021

MRC Applied Global Health Research Board Information Session 
27 February 2021 1.00 pm – 2.00 pm
Deputy Director & Provost Professor Anne Mills will be giving a brief presentation on the new MRC Applied Global Health Research Board schemes followed by a Q&A session. This will be an excellent opportunity for LSHTM researchers to find out more about this new research funding board.
To join this event please fill in the form here. If you have any trouble accessing the booking form please contact strategic_research@lshtm.ac.uk.  
 
STI Resources
The STIRIG resource webpage has links for STI-related guidelines, trainings, conferences, professional societies and more.
 
Featured Publications
Papers published between 1st November 2020 and 19th February 2021

STIs
CHANTLER, T., PRINGLE, E., BELL, S., COOPER, R., EDMUNDSON, E., NIELSEN, H., ROBERTS, S., EDELSTEIN, M. & MOUNIER-JACK, S. 2020. Does electronic consent improve the logistics and uptake of HPV vaccination in adolescent girls? A mixed-methods theory informed evaluation of a pilot intervention. Bmj Open, 10.

DERRICK, T. R., SANDETSKAYA, N., PICKERING, H., KOLSCH, A., RAMADHANI, A., MAFURU, E., MASSAE, P., MALISA, A., MTUY, T., BURTON, M. J., HOLLAND, M. J. & KUHLMEIER, D. 2020. DjinniChip: evaluation of a novel molecular rapid diagnostic device for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma-endemic areas. Parasites & Vectors, 13.

DIB, F., MAYAUD, P., LONGFIER, L. & LAUNAY, O. 2020. Online vaccine-related information-seeking in mothers and HPV vaccine uptake in their daughters. European Journal of Public Health, 30.

ENGELS, D., HOTEZ, P. J., DUCKER, C., GYAPONG, M., BUSTINDUY, A. L., SECOR, W. E., HARRISON, W., THEOBALD, S., THOMSON, R., GAMBA, V., MASONG, M. C., LAMMIE, P., GOVENDER, K., MBABAZI, P. S. & MALECELA, M. N. 2020. Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98, 615-624.

FISHER, H., AUDREY, S., CHANTLER, T., FINN, A., LETLEY, L., MOUNIER-JACK, S., THOMAS, C., YATES, J. & HICKMAN, M. 2020. Co-production of an educational package for the universal human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme tailored for schools with low uptake: a participatory study protocol. Bmj Open, 10.

HAMEED, S., MADDAMS, A., LOWE, H., DAVIES, L., KHOSLA, R. & SHAKESPEARE, T. 2020. From words to actions: systematic review of interventions to promote sexual and reproductive health of persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries. Bmj Global Health, 5.

HARDING-ESCH EM, HUNTINGTON SE, HARVEY MJ, WESTON G, BROAD CE, ADAMS EJ, SADIQ ST. Antimicrobial resistance point-of-care testing for gonorrhoea treatment regimens: cost-effectiveness and impact on ceftriaxone use of five hypothetical strategies compared with standard care in England sexual health clinics. Euro Surveill. 2020 Oct;25(43):1900402. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.43.1900402. PMID: 33124553; PMCID: PMC7596918.

KAPIGA, S., HANSEN, C. H., DOWNS, J. A., SICHALWE, S., HASHIM, R., MNGARA, J., VAN DAM, G. J., CORSTJENS, P., KINGERY, J. R., PECK, R. N. & GROSSKURTH, H. The burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated factors among adults in the fishing communities in northwestern Tanzania. Tropical Medicine & International Health.

MANDIRIRI, A. M., PASCOE, M. J., SHAMU, T. & LOWE, S. 2020. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence, risk factors and outcomes in a cohort of HIV-infected women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Southern African Journal of Hiv Medicine, 21.

MARINGA, V. D., CHIKANDIWA, A., GILHAM, C., MBODI, L., KELLY, H., MAYAUD, P., DELANY-MORETLWE, S. & ADAM, Y. Performance of the Swede score to predict cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with HIV-1 in Johannesburg, South Africa. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.

MAYHEW, S. H., WARREN, C. E., NDWIGA, C., NARASIMHAN, M., WILCHER, R., MUTEMWA, R., ABUYA, T. & COLOMBINI, M. 2020. Health systems software factors and their effect on the integration of sexual and reproductive health and HIV services. Lancet Hiv, 7, E711-E720.

OCHALEK, J., ABBAS, K., CLAXTON, K., JIT, M. & LOMAS, J. 2020. Assessing the value of human papillomavirus vaccination in Gavi-eligible low-income and middle-income countries. Bmj Global Health, 5.

TANG, W. M., WANG, Y. H., HUANG, W. T., WU, D., YANG, F., XU, Y. S., ONG, J. J., FU, H. Y., YANG, B., WANG, C., MA, W., WEI, C. Y. & TUCKER, J. D. 2020. Adolescent and non-consensual anal sexual debut among Chinese men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study. Bmc Infectious Diseases, 20.

TOH, Z. Q., HE, L., CHEN, C., HUANG, A., RUSSELL, F. M., GARLAND, S. M., REYBURN, R., RATU, T., TUIVAGA, E., FRAZER, I. H., MULHOLLAND, E. K. & LICCIARDI, P. V. 2020. Measurement of Human Papillomavirus-Specific Antibodies Using a Pseudovirion-Based ELISA Method. Frontiers in Immunology, 11.

ZHANG, X., WANG, Z. Z., REN, Z. F., LI, Z. F., MA, W., GAO, X. H., ZHANG, R., QIAO, Y. L. & LI, J. HPV vaccine acceptability and willingness-related factors among Chinese adolescents: a nation-wide study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.

ZUMA, T., SEELEY, J., MDLULI, S., CHIMBINDI, N., MCGRATH, N., FLOYD, S., BIRDTHISTLE, I., HARLING, G., SHERR, L. & SHAHMANESH, M. 2020. Young people's experiences of sexual and reproductive health interventions in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25, 1058-1075.

HIV
AELLAH, G. 2020. Understanding men, mood, and avoidable deaths from AIDS in Western Kenya. Culture Health & Sexuality, 22, 1398-1413.

AUGUSTO, G. F., HODGES-MAMELETZIS, I., KARANIKOLOS, M., ABRANTES, A. & MARTINS, M. R. O. 2020. HIV prevention and treatment in Southern Europe in the aftermath of bailout programmes. European Journal of Public Health, 30, 967-973.

BECK, E., MANDALIA, S., YFANTOPOULOS, P., FATZ, D., VERA, J. & WHETHAM, J. 2020. The cost-effectiveness of the EmERGE pathway of care for people living with medically stable HIV in the UK. Hiv Medicine, 21, 68-68.

BELL, S., DORAN, T., MARTIN, F. & ADAMSON, J. Journeys to HIV testing and diagnosis among adults aged 50+years in England: A qualitative interview study. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy.

BRUMFIELD, S., DUBE, A., RENIERS, G. & HELLERINGER, S. 2020. Comparing Approaches to Collecting Self-Reported Data on HIV Status in Population-Based Surveys. Jaids-Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 85, E55-E57.

BUSZA, J., PHILLIPS, A. N., MUSHATI, P., CHIYAKA, T., MAGUTSHWA, S., MUSEMBURI, S. & COWAN, F. M. Understanding early uptake of PrEP by female sex workers in Zimbabwe. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/Hiv.

CELUM, C., BARNABAS, R., COHEN, M. S., COLLIER, A., EL-SADR, W., HOLMES, K. K., JOHNSTON, C. & PIOT, P. 2020. Covid-19, Ebola, and HIV - Leveraging Lessons to Maximize Impact. New England Journal of Medicine, 383.

CHEMAITELLY, H., WEISS, H. A. & ABU-RADDAD, L. J. 2020. HSV-2 as a biomarker of HIV epidemic potential in female sex workers: meta-analysis, global epidemiology and implications. Scientific Reports, 10.

COSTA, J. P., MEIRELES, P., AGUIAR, A., SCHMIDT, A. J. & BARROS, H. 2020. HIV test and knowledge of U=U: insights from MSM living in Portugal and participating in EMIS 2017. European Journal of Public Health, 30, V366-V366.

DAY, S., KAPOGIANNIS, B. G., SHAH, S. K., WILSON, E. C., RUEL, T. D., CONSERVE, D. F., STRODE, A., DONENBERG, G. R., KOHLER, P., SLACK, C., EZECHI, O., TUCKER, J. D. & BIOET, P. H. C. A. 2020. Adolescent participation in HIV research: consortium experience in low and middle-income countries and scoping review. Lancet Hiv, 7, E844-E852.

DE VILLIERS, L., THOMAS, A., JIVAN, D., HODDINOTT, G., HARGREAVES, J. R., BOND, V., STANGL, A., BOCK, P., REYNOLDS, L. & TEAM, H. P. S. 2020. Stigma and HIV service access among transfeminine and gender diverse women in South Africa - a narrative analysis of longitudinal qualitative data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial. Bmc Public Health, 20.

FAHEY, C. A., NJAU, P. F., KATABARO, E., MFAUME, R. S., ULENGA, N., MWENDA, N., BRADSHAW, P. T., DOW, W. H., PADIAN, N. S., JEWELL, N. P. & MCCOY, S. I. 2020. Financial incentives to promote retention in care and viral suppression in adults with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania: a three-arm randomised controlled trial. Lancet Hiv, 7, E762-E771.

GRANT, H., FOSS, A. M., WATTS, C., MEDLEY, G. F. & MUKANDAVIRE, Z. 2020. Is modelling complexity always needed? Insights from modelling PrEP introduction in South Africa. Journal of Public Health, 42, E551-E560.

GRANT, H., GOMEZ, G. B., KRIPKE, K., BARNABAS, R. V., WATTS, C., MEDLEY, G. F. & MUKANDAVIRE, Z. 2020. Time to Scale Up Preexposure Prophylaxis Beyond the Highest-Risk Populations? Modeling Insights From High-Risk Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 47, 767-777.

HERCE, M. E., HOFFMANN, C. J., FIELDING, K., TOPP, S. M., HAUSLER, H., CHIMOYI, L., SMITH, H. J., CHETTY-MAKKAN, C. M., MUKORA, R., TLALI, M., OLIVIER, A. J., MUYOYETA, M., REID, S. E. & CHARALAMBOUS, S. 2020. Universal test-and-treat in Zambian and South African correctional facilities: a multisite prospective cohort study. Lancet Hiv, 7, E807-E816.

IWUJI, C., CHIMUKUCHE, R. S., ZUMA, T., PLAZY, M., LARMARANGE, J., ORNE-GLIEMANN, J., SIEDNER, M., SHAHMANESH, M. & SEELEY, J. 2020. Test but not treat: Community members' experiences with barriers and facilitators to universal antiretroviral therapy uptake in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Plos One, 15.

KIWUWA-MUYINGO, S., ABONGOMERA, G., MAMBULE, I., SENJOVU, D., KATABIRA, E., KITYO, C., GIBB, D. M., FORD, D. & SEELEY, J. 2020. Lessons for test and treat in an antiretroviral programme after decentralisation in Uganda: a retrospective analysis of outcomes in public healthcare facilities within the Lablite project. International Health, 12, 429-443.

KUMWENDA, M., SKOVDAL, M., WRINGE, A., KALUA, T., KWEKA, H., SONGO, J., HASSAN, F., CHIMUKUCHE, R. S., MOSHABELA, M., SEELEY, J. & RENJU, J. Exploring the evolution of policies for universal antiretroviral therapy and their implementation across three sub-Saharan African countries: Findings from the SHAPE study. Global Public Health.

LEBELONYANE, R., MILLS, L. A., MOGOROSI, C., USSERY, F., MARUKUTIRA, T., THEU, J., KAPANDA, M., MATAMBO, S., BLOCK, L., RAIZES, E., MAKHEMA, J., LOCKMAN, S., BACHANAS, P., MOORE, J. & JARVIS, J. N. 2020. Advanced HIV disease in the Botswana combination prevention project: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes. Aids, 34, 2223-2230.

LIMBADA, M., BWALYA, C., MACLEOD, D., FLOYD, S., SCHAAP, A., SITUMBEKO, V., HAYES, R., FIDLER, S., AYLES, H. & TEAM, H. P. S. 2021. A comparison of different community models of antiretroviral therapy delivery with the standard of care among stable HIV plus patients: rationale and design of a non-inferiority cluster randomized trial, nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) study. Trials, 22.

MACPHERSON, E. E., PHIRI, M., SADALAKI, J., NYONGOPA, V., DESMOND, N., MWAPASA, V., LALLOO, D. G., SEELEY, J. & THEOBALD, S. 2020. Sex, power, marginalisation and HIV amongst young fishermen in Malawi: Exploring intersecting inequalities. Social Science & Medicine, 266.

MARTIN, F., NALUKENGE, W., LAZARUS, O., BIRUNGI, J. & SEELEY, J. 2020. "Vital": HIV counselling and testing staff's views of addressing mental health with HIV in Uganda. Bmc Health Services Research, 20.

MATHENJWA, T., ADEAGBO, O., ZUMA, T., DIKGALE, K., ZEITLIN, A., MATTHEWS, P., SEELEY, J., WYKE, S., TANSER, F., SHAHMANESH, M. & BLANDFORD, A. 2020. Development and Acceptability of a Tablet-Based App to Support Men to Link to HIV Care: Mixed Methods Approach. Jmir Mhealth and Uhealth, 8.

MAYANJA, Y., ABAASA, A., NAMALE, G., PRICE, M. A. & KAMALI, A. 2020. Willingness of female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda to participate in future HIV vaccine trials: a case control study. Bmc Public Health, 20.

MILLER, L., MORAR, N., KAPIGA, S., RAMJEE, G. & HAYES, R. 2020. Prevention, Partners, and Power Imbalances: Women's Views on How Male Partners Affected Their Adherence to Vaginal Microbicide Gels During HIV Prevention Trials in Africa. Jaids-Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 85, 458-465.

NASH, S., DIETRICH, J., SSEMATA, A. S., HERRERA, C., O'HAGAN, K., ELSE, L., CHIODI, F., KELLY, C., SHATTOCK, R., CHIRENJE, M., LEBINA, L., KHOO, S., BEKKER, L. G., WEISS, H. A., GRAY, C., STRANIX-CHIBANDA, L., KALEEBU, P., SEELEY, J., MARTINSON, N. & FOX, J. 2020. Combined HIV Adolescent Prevention Study (CHAPS): comparison of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis regimens for adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa-study protocol for a mixed-methods study including a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21.

NASUUNA, E., TENFORDE, M. W., MUGANZI, A., JARVIS, J. N., MANABE, Y. C. & KIGOZI, J. 2020. Reduction in Baseline CD4 Count Testing Following Human Immunodeficiency Virus "Treat All" Adoption in Uganda. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71, 2497-2499.

NKOSI, B., SEELEY, J., CHIMBINDI, N., ZUMA, T., KELLEY, M. & SHAHMANESH, M. 2020. Managing ancillary care in resource-constrained settings: Dilemmas faced by frontline HIV prevention researchers in a rural area in South Africa. International Health, 12, 543-550.

ONG, J. J., CHOW, E. P. F., READ, D., TAJ, U., LEE, D. & VLAEV, I. 2020. Nudgeathons to control HIV: designing strategies using behavioural economics. Aids, 34, 2337-2340.

OSTERMANN, J., NJAU, B., HOBBIE, A., MTUY, T., MASAKI, M. L., SHAYO, A., VAN ZWETSELAAR, M., MASNICK, M., FLAHERTY, B., BROWN, D. S., MUHLBACHER, A. C. & THIELMAN, N. M. 2020. Using discrete choice experiments to design interventions for heterogeneous preferences: protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of a preference-informed, heterogeneity-focused, HIV testing offer for high-risk populations. Bmj Open, 10.

PACKEL, L., NJAU, P., FAHEY, C., RAMADHANI, A., DOW, W. H., JEWELL, N. P. & MCCOY, S. 2020. Optimizing the efficiency and implementation of cash transfers to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21.

QUAIFE, M., TERRIS-PRESTHOLT, F., MUKANDAVIRE, Z. & VICKERMAN, P. Modelling the effect of market forces on the impact of introducing human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis among female sex workers. Health Economics.

RENJU, J., SEELEY, J., MOSHABELA, M. & WRINGE, A. Understanding the health systems impacts of Universal Test and Treat in sub-Saharan Africa: The Shape UTT study. Global Public Health.

SMITH, M. K., XU, R. H., HUNT, S. L., WEI, C. Y., TUCKER, J. D., TANG, W. M., LUO, D. Y., XUE, H., WANG, C., YANG, L. G., YANG, B., LI, L., JOYNER, B. L. & SYLVIA, S. Y. 2020. Combating HIV stigma in low- and middle-income healthcare settings: a scoping review. Journal of the International Aids Society, 23.

SOMMERLAND, N., MASQUILLIER, C., RAU, A., ENGELBRECHT, M., KIGOZI, G., PLIAKAS, T., VAN RENSBURG, A. J. & WOUTERS, E. 2020. Reducing HIV- and TB-Stigma among healthcare co-workers in South Africa: Results of a cluster randomised trial. Social Science & Medicine, 266.

SSEMWANGA, D., BBOSA, N., NSUBUGA, R. N., SSEKAGIRI, A., KAPAATA, A., NANNYONJO, M., NASSOLO, F., KARABARINDE, A., MUGISHA, J., SEELEY, J., YEBRA, G., BROWN, A. L. & KALEEBU, P. 2020. The Molecular Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of HIV Type 1 in a General Population Cohort in Uganda. Viruses-Basel, 12.

STOJANOVSKI, K., KING, E., AMICO, K. R., EISENBERG, M., GERONIMUS, A. & SCHMIDT, A. 2020. Stigmatizing policies' influence on HIV risk through their effect on internalized homonegativity and health behaviors among men who have sex with men in Europe. European Journal of Public Health, 30.

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